RESUMEN En este documento se analizan algunos de los principales efectos que la mayor integración económica internacional produjo en la dinámica espacial y territorial de los países de la Región Norte de América Latina (RNAL). La preocupación particular del estudio es identificar los grandes cambios de tendencia en el comportamiento económico de las regiones que integran cada economía nacional, así como sus implicaciones en términos de la cohesión social y territorial. Desde diversos puntos de vista se han abordado con cierta profusión las implicaciones de la estrategia económica que tiene…
RESUMEN
El presente documento analiza los resultados de las reformas de la industria eléctrica emprendidas por los seis países del Istmo Centroamericano en la década los noventa. Los temas consideran aspectos técnicos, económicos, sociales y ambientales.
Hasta inicios de la década de los noventa los requerimientos nacionales de energía eléctrica fueron cubiertos por empresas estatales casi en su totalidad. A partir de 1993 comienza la participación significativa de productores privados y la reducción de la participación estatal, la que descendió a nivel regional en 2002 a 36,6%. El sector priv…
RESUMEN
En este estudio se analiza la intensidad tecnológica de las exportaciones e importaciones de Centroamérica y la República Dominicana, cuantificando el proceso de transformación del comercio exterior de mercancías, a partir de los diferentes niveles de intensidad tecnológica de sus exportaciones y de sus importaciones, lo que posibilitó determinar el valor de la balanza tecnológica de la región, el índice de intensidad tecnológica de las exportaciones, así como el índice de comercio intraindustrial ponderado para cada país.
Se detectó que la exportación de productos intensivos en tecn…
“We must be fully aware that while the developed countries became rich before they became old,
the developing countries will become old before they become rich”. This statement made by Gro Harlem
Brundtland, World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General, at the World Assembly on Ageing in
2002 in Madrid, reflects the challenges that the developing world is facing in the twentieth century.
Population ageing is a global phenomenon, which is having and will have major implications on
all aspects of human life in every society. This process is enduring and irreversible, as observed from
differi…
This document analyses fiscal trends and policies for Caribbean countries. It is divided into six parts. Following the introduction, the second section focuses on trends in government revenue and examines the tax structure at the regional and country level. The third section describes the type of tax incentives granted by Caribbean
governments for sectoral development for selected country cases. The fourth part centres on government expenditure; describes the decomposition of government expenditure and analyses the behaviour of the components of government expenditure. The fifth section deals …
A partir de las Encuestas de Hogares de los países del Istmo Centroamericano, este estudio cuantifica y analiza la magnitud de la pobreza en la región, medida por la insuficiencia de ingresos o consumo y por las necesidades básicas insatisfechas, a la vez que se integran ambas dimensiones. Se profundiza en las causas de la pobreza y se exploran opciones para su alivio, tanto por la vía del mercado de trabajo como del gasto público social. Finalmente, se analizan algunos factores de vulnerabilidad que sufren los hogares con ingresos superiores a la línea de pobreza.…
This paper examines the progress in the implementation of the CSME and what this has meant for the core (trade, investment, etc.); and functional aspects (foreign policy coordination, education, health and social development, etc.,); of integration. A tentative assessment is also made of the relevance of the current mode of integration in light of the opportunities and constraints of the international environment. The paper is divided into three sections. Section one provides a critical assessment of the implementation of the protocols and other aspects of the CSME. Section two evaluates the …
Brazil's electoral outlook and the external backdrop were the main drivers of Latin American credits in the third quarter of 2002, thus the performance of Latin American markets continued to be pressured by Brazil's fate and the ebb and flow of investors' risk appetite. The region had a rare month of outperformance in August, as the prompt negotiation of an IMF agreement for Brazil and the moderation of global risk aversion brought strong returns for Brazil, in particular, and for countries considered high-risks in general. However, risk aversion peaked again in September, retur…
This paper provides an overview of the structure and performance of the Caribbean tourism sector. It evaluates the role of policies and strategies as they impact the growth and competitiveness of the sector. Although the paper is not definitive on the subject, it provides some initial work on aspects of the industry that are not the typical focus of research. These include industrial structure, evaluated in terms of size, concentration, economies of scale and scope, competition and market types, for example oligopoly. Further the paper, examines the concept of clusters as it applies to the in…
RESUMEN En el curso de la última gran ola de globalización iniciada en la segunda mitad del siglo veinte, los países en desarrollo se esforzaron notablemente por mejorar su inserción en la economía mundial, lo cual condujo a un reacomodo en la división internacional del trabajo. Así, los países asumieron nuevos y diferenciados roles, como respuesta a la interacción de factores geográficos, históricos, políticos, económicos y sociales. En particular, en las últimas dos décadas los países de la Región Norte de América Latina (RNAL) modificaron sustancialmente su participación en los flujos mu…
Introduction The study of trade and integration (LC/CAR/G.681) between the Netherlands Antilles and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was undertaken to assess the nature and extent of trade between the two groups of countries as well as the institutional framework for facilitating such trade. In addition, the study considered integration options for increasing trade, in particular Netherlands Antilles exports to CARICOM. Assessment of the export structures of the two groups revealed similarity in goods and services produced but a more diversified export structure in the case of CARICOM. Th…
In the third quarter of 2003, investors continued to favor riskier assets buoyed by abundant global liquidity, low interest rates in mature markets, strong economic growth (with low inflation), and improving credit quality. Credit spreads in emerging and Latin American markets narrowed in response, by 41 and 56 basis points, respectively, and are near historical lows in most emerging market countries. The EMBI+ index is well below its long run average, according to J.P Morgan. Issuers in emerging markets and Latin America benefited from the decline in spreads, as well as from the greater inter…
Access to Latin American and Caribbean Exports in the United States market, 2001-2002 is the eighth annual report released by the ECLAC Washington Office, updating information contained in previous reports. Its aim is to compile and make available information on trade inhibiting measures that Latin American and Caribbean exports encounter in the United States market. This report needs to be placed in the context of a trade relationship between the United States and Latin America and the Caribbean, which has grown strongly over the years to the benefit of both economies. Moreover, it must be …
This document provides an overview of the most relevant developments in United States trade policy relating to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2003. U.S. policy continued to promote trade liberalization through advancing negotiations on multiple fronts- globally (WTO), regionally (FTAA) and bilaterally (Chile and CAFTA)- with a view that the various negotiations are mutually reinforcing and seek to create a constructive competition for liberalization among trade partners. The Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provided an impetus to the signing and Congressional approval of bilateral free t…
Position paper responsável pela sugestão da agenda positiva para o Encontro Internacional de Atração de Investimento Direto Externo, realizado em 2004, fundamentando-se nos seguintes tópicos: (i) apresentação de uma resenha dos trabalhos realizados recentemente no setor de fármacos no Brasil; (ii) detalhamento e análise do desempenho recente do setor, da estrutura das empresas (saída, entradas, fusões, novos investidores etc.), do comércio exterior, (balança comercial do setor, principais mercados, fornecedores internacionais etc.), e os principais pontos em debate no setor (demanda, po…
O conceito bem de capital é uma categoria importante para a análise econômica na medida em que representa a principal dimensão do investimento produtivo. A incorporação de bem de capital ao processo produtivo pode implicar na ampliação da capacidade da economia crescer, além do fato de que o bem de capital é portador de conhecimento, pois incorpora tecnologia. Desta forma, os bens de capital - máquinas e equipamentos - são considerados transmissores de progresso técnico para seus usuários. Conseqüentemente, o bem de capital tanto amplia a capacidade produtiva como viabiliza o aumento de produt…
Information technologies (ITs) and supply chain management (SCM) are increasingly considered as indispensable tools of competitiveness especially for companies facing excessive global competition, although these companies have not necessarily succeeded in taking full advantage of such cutting-edge technologies and management systems. Their use, especially of international SCMs, is limited to a small number of purchaser-suppliers groups that are formed primarily by transnational corporations (TNCs). The factors impeding a proliferation of SCMs at a global scale include the difficulties that com…
Desde hace algún tiempo se viene afirmando la necesidad de tomar en cuenta los factores políticos para tener una plena comprensión de los resultados que se producen en las negociaciones del comercio internacional. Sin embargo, un examen de la bibliografía más reciente sobre la estrategia comercial de los países de América Latina muestra que la mayoría de los estudios tratan de eludir este tipo de variables o, en el mejor de los casos, las mencionan sin ordenarlas y establecer una relación causal con ellas. Como resultado de esta situación, sus explicaciones muestran grandes dificultades para i…
La integración económica de los países de América Latina y el Caribe ha sido un objetivo perseguido sistemáticamente, pero cuyos logros todavía están distantes. Entre las causas que explican este comportamiento, una de las más incidentes ha sido sin duda, la debilidad de las economías de la región para corregir los desajustes económicos producidos ya sea por razones internas o por los efectos derivados de crisis económicas internacionales, regionales o subregionales. Los efectos de estos impactos en los procesos de integración a menudo afectan negativamente los avances en el crecimiento del c…
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