The objective of this paper is to explore the effects of globalization on the labour market and social stratification. It is generally held that globalization will bring about progress for nations and people. This, however, is far from clear, since the experience of almost two decades has been raising increasing doubts about the potential net gains and, particularly, the distribution of such gains. Clearly, there are winners and losers among both countries and people. We will concentrate on the effects upon people within countries and refer only to one region: Latin America. Our aim is to iden…
The economic reforms applied in the region during the 1980s and 1990s created expectations, for which there was theoretical justification, of strong job creation and greater equity in the labour market. This article analyses developments in the quantity and characteristics of employment during the 1990s. It concludes that today's labour market problems are due to insufficient economic growth and to less intensive use of labour, resulting mainly from changes in tradable goods-producing activities. Modernization of production methods in companies and sectoral restructuring that increased th…
A great deal of effort has been put into education reform in Latin America since the early 1990s. Extending the coverage of educational opportunities and improving the quality of the education delivered in schools are crucial for the countries of the region, where education in State schools has often been of a low standard. It is not enough just to study macro education policies as they are formulated by governments and implemented by centralized ministries of education. What is promised or envisioned on paper is often quite different from what actually happens in school establishments. It is …
1 Nov 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:00
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Abstract The region ended the 1990s with mixed results in the area of economic and social planning. The outcomes of planning exercises have varied depending on what is understood by the planning process or system in each country (agents, agencies, subjects, knowledge, political agenda, procedures, resource-allocation, target-image, institutional framework and others). On point that does emerge, however, is the need for the State to have an agency or representative through which it can perform basic, irreplaceable planning duties, whatever the style of development or reform adopted. These inclu…
1 Ago 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:03
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The subject-matter of this article lies at the crossroads between the literature on technological change and that on industrial dynamics. The analysis centers on the links between the form of accumulation of technical know-how in an industry and the likelihood that the innovation in question can become a vehicle for the entry of new enterprises into the sector. The studies on the developed countries tackle this matter through two approaches: that of technological regimes and that based on the life-cycle of industry. Both these concepts are of an evolutionary nature and are set forth in section…
1 Abr 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:14
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This article analyses the process whereby domestic violence in Chile became a subject of open discussion and a public issue included in the institutional agenda of the Executive and the Legislature, giving rise to preventive programmes against such violence and public services for aiding its victims, together with the adoption of a law against intra-family violence in 1994. The analysis highlights the dynamic and complex nature of the process, whose course and results were not and could not be determined a priori. Public issues do not exist in their own right, as purely objective phenomena, bu…
1 Mar 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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Summary
Capital flows returned to the Latin American in the 1990s after nearly a decade-long of the so-called debt crisis that featured a negative transfer of resources. These new capital flows were closely related to the economic reform process in the region. On the one hand, the reforms were a source of attraction for foreign investors. On the other hand, they helped the reforms succeed by relieving the external constraint that depressed growth during the 1980s.
Nevertheless, the new inflows also created problems. While average inflows in the 1990s were very similar to the amounts received b…
CONTENTS I.Northern Sinai Agricultural Development Programme (NSADP)II. Dams Could Delay European Union Entry for Poland III.The Prespa Basin: Transboundary cooperation to maintain and enhance wetland functions and valuesIV. World Bank Seminar on GroundwaterV. Arab-Israeli Water IssuesVI. Regional Cooperation on Flood Control in AsiaVII. Transboundary Issues: The case of the Ilisu dam project in TurkeyThestatements and opinions reported in this Newsletter do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or official positions of the United Nations, and are to be exclusively attributed to authors…
1 Oct 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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Abstract The article uses the global commodity chains framework to explain the transformations in production, trade and corporate strategies that altered the global apparel industry over the past decades and changed the conditions for industrial upgrading. The apparel industry is identified as a buyer-driven commodity chain that contains three types of lead firms: retailers, marketers and branded manufacturers. As apparel production has become globally dispersed and competition between these firms has intensified, each type of lead firm has developed extensive global sourcing capabilities. Whi…
1 Abr 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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In this article, indicators of fiscal discretionality are estimated using a simple methodology, and in this way the cyclical component of the public accounts balance (i.e., the amounts of income and expenditure associated with transitory movements of the level of activity); is identified for a number of Latin American countries in the 1990s. The difference gives a measure of the discretional balance, which represents a medium-term indicator of the state of the public accounts. Budgetary rules which take account of these mechanisms not only ensure sustainability over time but also reduce the cy…
1 Ago 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:14
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In the new international setting, which is characterized by new technologies that make intensive use of information, globalization of markets, and the increased competitive pressures and uncertainty facing the agents, competitiveness is a systemic phenomenon. The endogenous capabilities of the agents, the degree of development of the environment they operate in and their integration in a production network have become key elements for developing capabilities and creating competitive advantages. It is being asserted more and more frequently that the competitive advantages of countries, regions …
1 Ene 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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Resumen Las negociaciones internacionales referidas a los recursos naturales son uno de los exponentes de las dimensiones ambientales de los procesos de globalización. Si bien el espíritu que inspiró el derecho internacional de los recursos naturales en las décadas del sesenta y del setenta —alimentado de los principios del 'nuevo orden económico internacional'— no se expresa de manera idéntica en las actuales negociaciones, los foros mundiales referidos a distintos bienes ambientales mantienen postulados de aquella pasada preocupación negociadora.Un paradigma, como lo fue en la déca…
2 Oct 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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This document discusses the relevance, strengths and limitations of social indicators. Difficulties encountered in the analysis of such data in the Caribbean are identified and discussed. Issues related to the availability of social data for social planning and the implementation of programmes and projects are also explored.…
Resumen La Argentina realizó a comienzos de los 90 una profunda reestructuración en sus industrias energéticas, con una modificación substancial en las modalidades de coordinación, formulación, ejecución, control y racionalidad de las decisiones, en particular en la cadena productiva eléctrica. Al confrontar las bondades que se han propagado ampliamente en foros y reuniones internacionales con las circunstancias socioeconómicas y energéticas específicas que enmarcaron la transformación del sistema eléctrico argentino, por un lado, y las características de ese cambio y el desempeño sectorial, p…
15 Jun 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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Background In its resolution 47/5 of 16 October 1992, the General Assembly decided to observe the year 1999 as the International Year of Older Persons (1) and to take note of the conceptual framework of a programme for the preparation and observance of the International Year of Older Persons in 1999, as contained in the report of the Secretary-General (A/50/114). In resolution 50/141 entitled International Year of Older Persons: Towards a society for all ages , the General Assembly, inter alia, invited the regional commissions, within the existing mandates, to bear in mind the goa…
1 Oct 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:03
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Abstract This paper analyses the competitiveness and technological structure of manufactured exports by leading Latin American and Asian economies for 1980-97. It explains East Asian performance with reference to the strategies adopted for technological development, focusing on foreign direct investment strategies. It particularly draws on the experience of Singapore, the countgry that has used FDI to promote industrial growth and technological upgrading more effectively than any other developing country. The paper starts by analysing the nature of technological activity in developing countrie…
1 Mayo 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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Second regional conference in follow-up to the World Summit for Social Development. Santiago, Chile, 15-17 May 2000 Summary The courses of action recommended at the World Summit for Social Development coincide with the general thrust of the action taken by the Governments of the region in the economic and social spheres during the 1990s. The objective of this document is to weigh the positive and negative aspects of the situation in Latin America and the Caribbean with regard to poverty reduction, productive job creation and social integration within the wider context of economic changes and s…
1 Ene 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:09
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Abstract Economic globalization has had a variety of consequences for employment including changes in labour market structure, making way for new non-standard (or atypical ) forms of employment. These are often associated with low-quality employment, to such an extent that the concepts non-standard forms of employment and precarious employment are used as synonymous expressions. The literature shows that women have been affected the most by these changes. This study considers a particular example of non-standard employment: part-time work in Chile. The …
1 Mayo 2000, 00:00 - 14 Oct 2025, 18:04
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This document has been prepared and published jointly by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); and the International Jacques Maritain Institute. Its contents were edited by José Antonio Ocampo, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC);; Stefano Zamagni, Professor of Economics at the University of Bologna; Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, Principal Regional Adviser of ECLAC; and Carlo Pietrobelli, Professor of Development Economics at the University of Molise, Campobasso.
Foreword
Financial globalization has been a most dyna…
Abstract This document provides an overview of trade relations between Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and explores the possibilities for expanding the modalities of economic relations between the two regions. The analysis covers 12 countries in Asia and Oceania and 11 members of the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). Interregional cooperation in trade and investment has been on the agendas of countries in both regions for some time. It is often expressed that the present economic relations between the two regions do not reflect the potential for interregional trade and inve…