Globalization and development: summary

La mondialisation et le développement: synthèse

La mondialisation et le développement est le titre d'un document élaboré par le Secrétariat de la CEPALC en vue de la vingt-neuvième session de la Commission (Brasilia, mai 2002). La présente publication contient une synthèse de ce document.…

Crescimento, emprego e eqüidade: o impacto das reformas econômicas na América Latina e Caribe

Nos últimos dez a quinze anos, as reformas estruturais implementadas na América Latina e no Caribe transformaram as economias da região. Estas, que antes eram fechadas e com grande intervenção estatal, passaram a ser mais voltadas para o mercado, com maior abertura ao resto do mundo. A expectativa das autoridades era de que estas mudanças, juntamente com uma maior estabilidade macroeconômica e um incremento dos gastos destinados ao setor social, acelerassem o crescimento, elevassem a produtividade e levassem à criação de mais empregos e a uma maior eqüidade. Não obstante, quando se considera a…

Eqüidade, desenvolvimento e cidadania

Neste livro são analisadas as oportunidades oferecidas pela incorporação à economia mundial e os riscos implicados, em termos de instabilidade financeira e exclusão. Além disso, propõe-se uma oreorientação dos padrões de desenvolvimento da região em torno do eixo da eqüidade; uma política social universal, solidária e eficiente; um desenvolvimento mais estável, dinâmico, integrador e sustentável, e um conceito integral de cidadania, fundamentado não apenas na participação política, mas também em uma maior participação dos atores sociais nos assuntos públicos, o que é essencial para enfrentar a…

The Netherlands Antilles: trade and integration with CARICOM

Introduction The Netherlands Antilles is an autonomous entity within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and comprises a federation of five Caribbean islands: Bonaire and Curacao (the Leeward islands) which comprise 80 per cent of the population of 211,000 and Saba, St. Eustatius and the southern part of St. Maarten (the Windward islands). Like the other countries in the Kingdom, it enjoys full autonomy in internal matters as, for example, education, public health, justice and customs. It has a per capita income of about US$ 12,000. The Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands account for a…

Información básica del sector agropecuario, subregión norte de América Latina y el Caribe, 1980-2000

Presentación La Sede Subregional en México de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) ha reunido en el presente volumen información básica sobre el sector agropecuario de los países que contemplan sus estudios: Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haití, Honduras, México, Nicaragua, Panamá y la República Dominicana. La fuente principal para la preparación de las series, que abarcan el período 1980-2000, son las estadísticas y estudios oficiales de los países. En algunos casos se complementaron con información proveniente de diversos documentos de la propia C…

Quality of life: a compendium of social statistics of five Caribbean countries (1995-2001)

Abstract Quality of Life: A compendium of selected social statistics of five Caribbean countries (1995-2001), is the second in a series on social statistics to be published by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee (ECLAC/CDCC) secretariat. The first was published in December 1995, entitled Selected demographic and social statistics, 1960- 1994, and was based on the population census data. This compendium of selected social statistics of five Caribbean countries is the first output of the fully searchable subregional…

Capital flows to Latin America: third quarter 2001

Events in Argentina dominated most of the third quarter of 2001 until September 11, when the terrorist attacks against the United States prompted a sell-off of emerging markets assets, increasing uncertainty and risk aversion against a background of global economic slowdown. Emerging markets' short term prospects to tap international capital markets deteriorated significantly. In the third quarter of 2001, Latin American countries issued US$7.6 billion in bonds, following US$11.2 billion in the second quarter and US$13.2 billion in the first quarter, which had been a jump from onl…

Status of implementation of the System of National Accounts (SNA) 1993 in selected Caribbean countries

Abstract The Caribbean countries have for decades been described as being data poor . The inability of the countries to provide, in a number of areas, data on certain issues of national or world importance has its roots in the poor information infrastructure that characterizes the Caribbean countries. The national accounts are designed to provide information on almost every aspect of national life that must be of interest to the administration and citizenry alike. This paper looks at the countries' implementation of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA); from th…

Report on the production of trade statistics in the Caribbean region

Summary 1. The statistics offices in the region utilize state of the art technology for processing their trade data, and report producing statistics on a regular basis. The periods of publications are monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, annually, and semi-annually, but vary amongst countries. 2. The warrants presented by importers and exporters to the customs departments for the clearance of goods is the main source of trade data in each country. After checking and processing, a copy of the warrants is placed in batches and forwarded to the statistics office, usually on a monthly basis. In some co…

Libre mercado y agricultura: efectos de la Ronda Uruguay en Costa Rica y México

Resumen El objetivo de este documento es analizar la aplicación del Acuerdo sobre Agricultura de la Ronda Uruguay (AARU) del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT) a ocho años de su firma. Uno de sus principales efectos ha sido transformar las políticas agrícolas nacionales y someterlas a una normatividad internacional comúnmente aceptada. Se concluye que el AARU logró reducir los aranceles y las políticas que subsidian la producción y las exportaciones y distorsionan los mercados. Sin embargo, estos avances han sido insuficientes. Las barreras arancelarias siguen…

El ahorro familiar en Chile

Resumen El propósito del presente trabajo es indagar en la evolución y determinantes del ahorro familiar en Chile en la década de los noventa, en particular del que realizan los sectores de menores ingresos. El ahorro popular, con una tradición más que centenaria, se canalizó a partir de los años 50 a través del Banco del Estado de Chile (institución heredera de las Cajas de Ahorro);, cuya fructífera experiencia en este campo sirvió como eje central de la investigación. Algunas de las conclusiones principales indican que el ahorro bancario de las familias de menores ingresos creció sostenidame…

Globalization and liberalization: the impact on developing countries

Summary This paper analyzes the impact of globalization on developing countries over the last several decades. The first section examines the components and mechanisms of globalization. The second turns to financial globalization –considered to be the most important aspect of a multifaceted process– and looks in more detail at the changing trends in finance for developing countries. The third analyzes the impact of the new pattern of finance in terms of growth, equity, and government autonomy. The concluding section offers policy recommendations for making globalization a more positiv…

Financial regulation and supervision in emerging markets: the experience of Latin America since the Tequila crisis

Abstract   The financial crisis of 1994-1995 sounded a wake-up call to Latin America, indicating that regulation and supervision needed to be strengthened substantially. Since then, important steps have been taken to set rules and ensure their implementation, but financial regulation and supervision do not take place in a vacuum. On the one hand, they must be consistent with domestic macroeconomic policies, and they need a supportive macroeconomic environment in which to operate. On the other hand, they have to take into account the new international rules being proposed by multilate…

Long run economic development in Latin America in a comparative perspective: proximate and ultimate causes

Abstract   This paper describes trends in economic growth and its causes in several Latin American countries in the 20th century. In the explanatory scheme, a distinction is made between 'proximate' and 'ultimate' causes of economic growth. Proximate causes are those areas of causality where models and quantification is possible, whereas ultimate causes are much more difficult to quantify. Some elements in the realm of the ultimate causes (like institutions and income distribution) will be analysed in an historical perspective and others, especially total factor p…

The evolution of world income inequality: assessing the impact of globalization

Abstract In the last two centuries (1800-2000) the world has seen an unprecedented increase in the capacity to create material wealth and undergo technical change. At the same time, this is also a period of large disparities in income per head, living standards across (and within) countries and regions of the world. Large inequalities can eventually undermine global integration and social stability thus hampering long run growth prospects and the legitimacy of globalization. Global inequalities reflect both inequalities across nations, driven mainly by divergences in economic per…

América Latina: las exportaciones de productos básicos durante los años noventa

Resumen Los productos básicos desempeñan un papel importante en las exportaciones de la región en su conjunto y en las de la mayoría de los países que la integran. Sin embargo, su participación en ellas se ha venido reduciendo sostenidamente, si bien con fluctuaciones, en una tendencia que se ha vuelto aún más pronunciada durante los años noventa (de 40% en 1990 a 27% en 1999). En las exportaciones intrarregionales, la participación de estos rubros básicos ha disminuido en menor proporción, de 30% a 27%. Al mismo tiempo, la participación de la región, como destino en las exportaciones latinoam…

Notas sobre o acesso aos mercados e a formação de uma Area de Livre-Comércio com os Estados Unidos

O acesso seguro e privilegiado aos mercados dos Estados Unidos é apresentado como um dos maiores benefícios da formação de uma Área de Livre Comércio das Américas (ALCA) para os paises da América Latina, em especial para o Brasil. Os defensores da iniciativa fazem também um paralelo entre as vantagens da associação com os Estados Unidos por meio da ALCA, considerando o impressionante desempenho exportador do México, que cresce com os avanços do Tratado de Livre Comércio da América do Norte (TLCAN). Além disso, os mesmos autores analisam que aqueles paises que não se subscrevam à ALCA poderiam …

El comercio entre América Latina y los países de Europa Central y Oriental en los años noventa

Resumen El comercio entre los países de América Latina y Hungría, Polonia, la República Checa, Rumania y Rusia, cinco países de Europa Central y Oriental (ECO); experimentó varios bruscos altibajos a raíz de la transición de los últimos del sistema de economía centralmente planificada al de mercado. Así, en el comercio de los países de ECO hubo cambios en la orientación geográfica: se redujo el valor de los intercambios entre ellos y aumentó el de los realizados con la Unión Europea. En el curso del período 1994-1999, en las relaciones comerciales de éstos países europeos con los de la Asociac…

Los desafíos de la clasificación de los servicios y su importancia para las negociaciones comerciales

Resumen El proceso de negociaciones comerciales multilaterales de la Ronda Uruguay resaltó la importancia de las estadísticas y de la clasificación de los servicios. Es especialmente relevante que los participantes en las negociaciones tengan muy clara la composición de los sectores que están comprometiendo en sus listas de servicios, y las consecuencias de la liberalización de los mismos para sus respectivas economías. De esta forma, tanto la necesidad de una clasificación uniforme y exhaustiva de los servicios como la existencia de estadísticas confiables son herramientas imprescindibles par…