Resumen Este trabajo analiza las crisis bancarias de un grupo de países del Hemisferio Occidental, Europa, África y Asia. El tema de las crisis bancarias ha cobrado particular relevancia en la literatura en los años recientes, debido a los altos costos que las mismas han tenido sobre la estabilidad macroeconómica. En los últimos 17 años, las crisis en los sistemas bancarios se han generalizado en el contexto internacional. Durante ese periodo, por lo menos 120 países han experimentado algún tipo de crisis bancaria. En este contexto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo recopilar la evidencia empír…
Este livro (em dois volumes) comemora os cinqüenta anos da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe, a CEPAL, entidade da ONU que por meio século tem se destacado no cenário latino-americano, pela criatividade e ousadia de suas teses e propostas. O livro reúne textos clássicos, assinados por alguns dos grandes intelectuais das ciências sociais da América Latina, como, por exemplo, Raúl Prebisch, Celso Furtado, Aníbal Pinto, Medina Echavarría, Osvaldo Sunkel, Maria da Conceição Tavares e Fernando Henrique Cardoso, entre outros. A coletânea está organizada de maneira a orientar o leit…
Abstract In 1999 Latin America was once again influenced by the adverse international economic environment, which had a decisive impact on the countries' economic policies and performance. As a consequence of the continuing decline in the prices of non-fuel commodities, together with unstable and deteriorating terms and conditions for external financing, the net transfer of resources for the region as a whole was negative for the first time since 1990, and the previous trend towards a widening deficit in the current account of the balance of payments became untenable. The corresponding co…
En 1999, América Latina siguió sometida a influencias adversas procedentes del entorno económico internacional, que condicionaron decisivamente las políticas económicas aplicadas y el desempeño de los países. La constante caída de los precios de los productos básicos no combustibles, así como la inestabilidad y el deterioro de las condiciones del financiamiento externo, se tradujeron en una transferencia neta de recursos negativa de toda la región por primera vez desde 1990 e hicieron insostenible la anterior tendencia al incremento del déficit en las transacciones corrientes con el exterior. …
Abstract
The growing participation of developing countries in multilateral trade liberalization, as well as the boom of free trade agreements that grant exclusive preferences to its members, are both closely related to what has been denominated as 'open regionalism'. Additionally, this regionalism is associated with a process of 'deep integration' that transcends free trade issues.
The concepts of 'deep regionalism' and 'open regionalism' do not have a precise definition and rather refer to a range of strategic decisions which governments might resort to…
Resumen
El efecto ambiental de las reformas económicas, especialmente la liberalización comercial y de los flujos de inversión extranjera directa, llevadas a cabo en América Latina y otros países en desarrollo en los años ochenta, han sido tema de grandes debates. El presente estudio indaga la posibilidad de que haya habido un giro de la especialización productiva hacia las industrias más contaminantes después de la liberalización económica en Latinoamérica. En el presente trabajo se hace una estimación de la evolución de la contaminación sectorial en ocho países latinoamericanos (que represen…
(Primer párrafo del Capítulo I) A partir de agosto de 1990, con el inicio de la primera administración del Presidente Alberto Fujimori, la política económica aplicada en el Perú, y el modelo de desarrollo que había imperado desde el inicio de la década de los sesentas, experimentaron un cambio radical. El modelo de desarrollo basado en la industrialización por sustitución de importaciones (ISI) fue abandonado, a la vez que se pusieron en práctica, de manera paralela, un duro programa de estabilización macroeconómica y un acelerado proceso de reformas estructurales. En este contexto, se elimina…
Summary Following the World Summit for Social Development steps were taken by the entire United Nations system to support national governments in their efforts to implement the agenda of the Summit. This document assesses developments in health, education, crime and violence, drugs and migration five years after the Summit.…
Introduction The integration of the world economy gathered momentum in the mid-1980s and continued during the 1990s, through increased trade and financial flows around the world, and the establishment and strengthening of linkages related to the production and distribution of goods and services. Trade flows around the world received a boost from the successful conclusions of the negotiations of the Uruguay Round of trade talks, the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the beginning, in 1995, of the implementation of the 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA…
Summary Structural reforms and other economic policies; economic activity, inflation and employment; monetary developments and changes in public finance; international trade and payments - These are some of the areas examined in this review of the performance of Caribbean economies in 1998. A statistical annex is included.…
The Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1998-1999 is the first edition in this series. A new methodology has also been used in the preparation of the country studies (parts Two and Three). This methodology is based on national accounts statistics denominated in the local currency and uses the base year employed by the relevant country , rather than figures in United States dollars. The statistical information used in the chapters on regional issues (Part One) is denominated in dollars, as in previous years, and 1995 is used as the base year for the calculations at constant pric…
Abstract This paper has analyzed the changes in the distribution of income in Colombia since 1976 using data for urban economy (seven largest metropolitan areas) and for the manufacturing sector. Evidence is shown that the structural reforms that took place in the early 1990s have been related to higher income concentration in Colombia, where levels of inequality were already impressively high. The results suggest that both trade liberalization and skill complementary technological change have a positive impact on skill premiums. The evidence presented suggests that skill complementary technol…
Resumen
Las reformas económicas enfatizadas a mediados de los años ochenta, para enfrentar los compromisos del endeudamiento externo y reiniciar un proceso de crecimiento sostenido en el marco de menores recursos, llevan ya una década de operar en la mayoría de los países de la región. Como la aplicación de las reformas ha tenido sus especificidades entre ellos, lo que para algunos analistas significa la presencia de reformadores tempranos, graduales, recientes o lentos (Lora, 1997);, lo cierto es que ello ofrece una oportunidad para evaluar los posibles impactos redistributivos tanto de las r…
Abstract
This paper attempted to measure the evolution of income distribution and its determinants during the period of economic reforms. The paper was divided in two parts: in the first and main part of the paper, long-run relations between reforms and income distribution were explored. The second part of the paper explored relations between movements of distributive variables, on the one hand, and economic reforms and macroeconomic fluctuations, on the other.
First, we attempted to study the impact of the economic reforms on the riches. First, we assessed absolute income changes in the top 1…
Resumen
El estudio está organizado en tres partes. La primera analiza las reformas económicas aplicadas en el país, poniendo énfasis en los elementos que en principio incidieron en la inversión manufacturera.. Así, se subrayan aquellos que tendieron a modificar la rentabilidad y el riesgo -presente o potencial- de la formación de capital fijo en la industria. La segunda parte examina la inversión manufacturera en 1986-96 en el contexto del desempeño general del sector. En esta parte se busca caracterizar los sectores y ramas manufactureras en términos de la evolución de su inversión y, con bas…
Introduction
With its programme of assistance to the Caribbean, the Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean has prepared
these economic profiles for 26 independent and non-independent countries of the Caribbean
subregion. These countries are: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, the Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Haiti, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles,
Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the G…
Abstract This paper argues that the agenda for international financial reform must be broadened in at least two senses. First of all, it should go beyond the issues of financial prevention and resolution, to those associated with development finance for poor and small countries, and to the ownership of economic and development policies by countries. Secondly, it should consider, in a systematic fashion, not only the role of world institutions but also of regional arrangements and the explicit definition of areas where national autonomy should be maintained. These issues should be tabled in a r…
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