¿Pueden las mujeres ocupadas en el sector ir tan lejos como sus capacidades y deseos lo permitan? ¿Es su inserción distinta a la de los varones? El estudio responde estas interrogantes mediante una investigación que combina el análisis estadístico con la recolección de información, interpretaciones y propuestas de los actores gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que intervienen en el empleo sectorial. En Costa Rica el sector emplea un 2% de la población económicamente activa y las mujeres representan el 40.4% de los ocupados. Es un sector cuantitativamente pequeño pero cualitativamente atract…
La globalización del sector financiero ha impuesto estándares de calidad y normas de competencia que han impactado en las políticas de recursos humanos de las empresas. Uno de los efectos más notables es el cambio en las calificaciones y competencias requeridas.
El sector se ha feminizado porque las mujeres ofrecen altos niveles educacionales, pero en las empresas se desarrollan nuevos y más vedados mecanismos que mantienen a las trabajadoras fuera de los puestos de mayor jerarquía. Las nuevas técnicas de evaluación del personal actúan en ese sentido, ya no se centran en las tareas sino en las…
Investors expect a strong finish for emerging markets this year, as market environment remains supportive of credit products, especially those with strong fundamentals and interesting yields, which is the case for emerging markets. Since the start of the year there were two sets of forces driving emerging markets debt: global liquidity and fundamental credit improvements. To a large degree, improving credit quality has itself been the result of ample global liquidity and the low interest-rate environment. Against this backdrop, spreads reached record low levels and issuance was boosted. The we…
During the second quarter, the prospect of an unexpected U.S. interest rate increase weakened investors' appetite for risk, and capital flows to Latin America faded in response. Latin American spreads increased by 71 basis points during the quarter, up to 607 bps at the end of June, from 536 bps at the end of March. Quarterly issuance in Latin America also suffered, dropping to US$4.7 billion, a level not seen since the last quarter of 2002. As a result, Latin America moved behind Eastern Europe, which issued US$6.3 billion or 39% of total emerging market issuance, compared to 29% for L…
In the third quarter of 2004, the positive interaction of external and domestic factors in the Latin American region created a favorable environment for capital inflows. Among the external factors, an unprecedented amount of global liquidity, combined with an environment of low risk-free rates and a search for yield, was one of the main driving forces in the third quarter. Liquidity and low rates benefited not only emerging market debt, but all risky assets, which have become highly correlated among themselves. However, in the case of emerging markets, and Latin American markets in particular,…
Este estudio se enmarca en el proyecto Políticas laborales con enfoque de género , que ejecuta la Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo de la CEPAL con apoyo de la Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica (GTZ);. El proyecto se focaliza en el mercado de trabajo por cuanto se considera que en este ámbito se visualiza con nitidez la discriminación de género que experimentan las mujeres en nuestra sociedad y porque es un espacio donde se vinculan los aspectos sociales y económicos del desarrollo de los países.
En el proyecto se pretende fomentar la implementación de medidas a favor de la equidad…
In the first quarter of 2004, bond flows remained strong as issuers rushed to take advantage of low borrowing costs. Emerging market issuance stood at US$24.4 billion, a 15% increase from the US$20.7 billion issued in the first quarter of 2003 and the highest quarterly supply in the last three years. Almost half of this years expected sovereign issuance materialized in the first three months. By region, Latin America had the most issuance this quarter with US$11.6 billion (47.3% of all emerging market debt issuance). However, in the near future, a tightening of liquidity by major industrial…
Este estudio se enmarca en el proyecto Políticas laborales con enfoque de género , que ejecuta La Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo de la CEPAL con apoyo de la Agencia Alemana de Cooperación (GTZ);. El proyecto pretende fomentar la implementación de medidas a favor de la equidad de género en las políticas laborales, tanto a nivel nacional como local, a la vez que fortalecer la capacidad de diálogo, negociación y concertación, en estas materias, con las Oficinas de la Mujer y los Ministerios Sectoriales, así como de otros actores institucionales gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil.
En est…
In the fourth quarter of 2003, net capital flows to emerging markets accelerated sharply to reach a 3-year high of US$187 billion, a 50% increase from the US$124 billion reached in 2002. This increase is the result of the combination of abundant global liquidity, strong economic growth, and the improving credit quality of borrowers in both mature and emerging markets. Emerging markets were favored by moderate volatility, low risk-free interest rates and rising commodity prices. In addition, a weak US dollar, solid cash flows and search for yield supported the rally to Latin American countries.…
En este volumen estadístico se ha compilado la información básica sobre el sector agropecuario para América Central, Cuba, Haití, México y República Dominicana entre 1990 y 2002. La principal fuente para la preparación de las series, que abarcan el período 1990-2002, fueron las estadísticas y los estudios oficiales de los países. En algunos casos se complementaron estos datos con información proveniente de diversos documentos de la propia CEPAL, de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), del Centro Latinoamericano de Demografía (CELADE), del Fond…
Brazil's electoral outlook and the external backdrop were the main drivers of Latin American credits in the third quarter of 2002, thus the performance of Latin American markets continued to be pressured by Brazil's fate and the ebb and flow of investors' risk appetite. The region had a rare month of outperformance in August, as the prompt negotiation of an IMF agreement for Brazil and the moderation of global risk aversion brought strong returns for Brazil, in particular, and for countries considered high-risks in general. However, risk aversion peaked again in September, retur…
In the third quarter of 2003, investors continued to favor riskier assets buoyed by abundant global liquidity, low interest rates in mature markets, strong economic growth (with low inflation), and improving credit quality. Credit spreads in emerging and Latin American markets narrowed in response, by 41 and 56 basis points, respectively, and are near historical lows in most emerging market countries. The EMBI+ index is well below its long run average, according to J.P Morgan. Issuers in emerging markets and Latin America benefited from the decline in spreads, as well as from the greater inter…
La presente edición del Estudio económico de América Latina y el Caribe, publicación anual que aparece cada año desde 1948, consta de tres partes y dos anexos estadísticos. En la primera parte se examinan los principales aspectos de la economía regional desde una perspectiva sectorial y temática. El primer capítulo, dedicado a la situación en el primer semestre de 2003 y a las perspectivas para el conjunto del año, constituye una versión corregida de la ya publicada con el título Situación y perspectivas 2003. En el segundo capítulo se analiza la evolución de la economía regional en 2002 …
In the first half of 2003, emerging debt markets rallied, as disillusionment with equities, geopolitical concerns, and doubts about growth prospects led investors to shift from equities in favor of fixed incomes securities. As equity prices in the United States struggled early in the year, and the price of U.S. Treasuries rose to a 40-year high, attention was drawn to emerging market assets. Emerging debt markets were driven by liquidity, rising risk tolerance, a search for yield and a wider investor acceptance of the asset class. As a consequence, credit spreads on emerging market bonds narr…
In the second quarter of 2002, conditions in global financial markets worsened as investor confidence deteriorated and risk aversion heightened. The revelation of corporate accounting irregularities in mature markets negatively affected investors' sentiment, causing a rebalance of portfolios in favor of higher quality assets and away from equities and low-grade bonds. Countries seen as higher risk were adversely affected by this rebalancing of portfolios. A number of Latin American countries were the focus of investors' concerns, in particular Brazil, where developments during the se…
With the first signals of a global economic recovery, prospects for private capital flows to emerging markets improved in the first quarter of 2002. Despite the concerns over corporate accounting practices in the U.S. and the deepening of the economic and financial crisis in Argentina, emerging equity and bond markets have outperformed those in industrialized countries. Emerging market equities and bonds in the first quarter of the year continued to show the strong performance that started in the fourth quarter of last year. The overall JP Morgan Chase EMBI+ excluding Argentina rose about 20%…
Foreword The 1990s were unquestionably a time of transition and reorientation in several aspects of Latin America and the Caribbean's economic, social and political development. As in any period with these characteristics, the effects of long-standing processes mingled and interacted with incipient change. When the decade ended, ECLAC wished to contribute to the evaluation of the main events that marked the consolidation of reform in the region, recognizing of course that the speed of progress varied from country to country and from sector to sector. This publication offers an analysis of…
The emerging markets debt class entered 2003 in sound shape. Similar to 2002, emerging markets debt finished the first quarter of 2003 as the top performer over all other fixed income asset classes, as well as equity markets. The downside risks for the global recovery, uncertainty about the length of the war with Iraq, and the deteriorating economic outlook in the US and Europe actually contributed to highlight the benefits of diversification into emerging markets. The flow of funds into emerging debt markets was a major factor pushing spreads down during the quarter. These inflows were drive…
The fourth quarter of 2002 saw an increase in investor optimism, especially in October and November. The combination of declining risk aversion and a technically well-positioned market caused a rally in emerging debt markets. In Latin America, markets traded strongly following the elections in Brazil and Ecuador. Brazil enjoyed a dramatic improvement in investor sentiment after the elections, supported by the new government's commitments to continue fiscal and economic reforms, as well as the global easing of credit conditions . Although sovereign spreads remained wide, Brazilian borrower…
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