This year's Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean is the fifty-sixth edition in this series. It is divided into two parts. The first analyses the main features of the regional economy, while the second examines the situation in the individual countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. Part one deals with the performance of the region's economy and begns with an introduction that summarizes recent trends and the challenges faced by economic policy-makers. The following chapters are devoted to the international situation and the external sector, macroeconomic (fiscal, …
La presente edición del Estudio económico de América Latina y el Caribe corresponde al número 56 de esta serie y se divide en dos partes. En la primera se analizan los principales aspectos de la economía regional, mientras en la segunda se examina la coyuntura de los países de América Latina y del Caribe. La primera parte, dedicada al desempeño de la economía de la región, se inicia con una introducción en la que se resumen las principales tendencias de la evolución reciente y se destacan los desafíos que enfrenta la política económica. Los capítulos siguientes están dedicados al escenario in…
(*) This document was prepared by André A. Hofman of the Economic Projections Center of the Statistics Division, and Heriberto Tapia research assistant in the office of the Executive Secretary of ECLAC. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization.. Abstract Potential output estimates are becoming increasingly important in policy design in Latin America (ECLAC, 2002) and the objective of this paper is to make a methodological contribution to this field of work…
En los últimos años del siglo XX, América Latina experimentó cambios muy significativos, tanto en el ámbito económico como en el dominio político: se recuperó la senda de crecimiento de finales de los años setenta y la democracia volvió a imperar en casi toda la región. A la luz de todo lo anterior, se estimó que era oportuno interrelacionar estos dos elementos, pero centrándose en dos países relevantes: Chile y México. El primero es una democracia, que ha vivido un gran apogeo económico tras el restablecimiento del régimen de libertades públicas; mientras que la república azteca es el país co…
The article outlines a new agenda for reform that focuses on what Latin American countries can do given the current international regime, and identifies the failings of the earlier reform agenda: i); the reforms increased countries' exposure to risk without increasing their capacity to cope with it; ii); the macroeconomic reforms were unbalanced; iii); the reforms pushed privatization and measures for strengthening the private sector, but placed too little weight on improving the public sector. The article further argues in favour of formulating a set of economic policies that reflect a b…
En el artículo se esboza una nueva agenda para las reformas,
que se concentra en lo que los países latinoamericanos pueden
hacer en el régimen internacional actual, y se identifican las
deficiencias de la agenda anterior: i); las reformas aumentaron
la exposición de los países al riesgo, sin acrecentar su capacidad
de enfrentarlo; ii); las reformas macroeconómicas no han
sido equilibradas; iii); las reformas impulsaron la privatización
y el fortalecimiento del sector privado, pero dieron escasa
importancia al mejoramiento del sector público. Además, se
argumenta a favor de formular un conjunto…
This publication provides an assessment of the region's economic performance during the first half of 2003 and of its prospects for the remainder of the year. An analysis is presented of the main aspects of the regional economy, including its external sector, macroeconomic policies, levels of economic activity, inflation, employment, saving and investment. A statistical appendix consisting of 25 tables with data series up to 2002 is also furnished. The document, which is being published simultaneously in Spanish and English, corresponds to the first chapter of the Economic Survey of L…
Este documento contiene una evaluación de la economía de la región al término del primer semestre de 2003 y de las perspectivas para el resto del año. Se incluye un análisis de los principales aspectos de la economía regional: sector externo, política macroeconómica, nivel de actividad, inflación, empleo, ahorro e inversión. El documento va acompañado de un anexo estadístico que contiene 25 cuadros con series de datos que abarcan hasta el 2002. Con la distribución de este documento se procura suplir la función cumplida anteriormente por el Panorama económico de América Latina, publicación d…
Resumen Este trabajo presenta un análisis de las políticas macroeconómicas aplicadas en la Argentina a lo largo de los años noventa y de sus efectos sobre la vulnerabilidad social. Se describe inicialmente el esquema macroeconómico que estuvo vigente en todo ese período y se caracteriza su forma de funcionamiento. Luego se estudia la evolución del mercado de trabajo en una perspectiva agregada, atendiendo al hecho de que las condiciones de empleo y la evolución del desempleo son variables cruciales por su gravitación sobre la vulnerabilidad social. Posteriormente se examina la evolución de…
Foreword The 1990s were unquestionably a time of transition and reorientation in several aspects of Latin America and the Caribbean's economic, social and political development. As in any period with these characteristics, the effects of long-standing processes mingled and interacted with incipient change. When the decade ended, ECLAC wished to contribute to the evaluation of the main events that marked the consolidation of reform in the region, recognizing of course that the speed of progress varied from country to country and from sector to sector. This publication offers an analysis of…
Abstract During the Asian crisis, intermediate exchange rate regimes vanished. It has been argued that those regimes were no longer useful and only the extremes remained valid. The paper analyses three foreign exchange regimes: Argentina (pegged), Chile (band) and Mexico (float). The Argentinean currency board delivered low financial volatility while it was credible, but even then it displayed high real volatility. Mexican float performed well in periods of instability isolating the real sector. The Chilean band delivered a mixed outcome as compared …
Abstract Based on the analysis of the Argentinean currency board and the full dollarization scheme in Ecuador this paper argues that an intermediate exchange rate regime (compared to free floating or hard peg) will be a better option for countries subject to external financial shocks and a worldwide export and import structure. It shows that the Argentine convertibility system was successful as an anti-inflationary program. However, the reduction in the inflation rate has been accompanied by a dramatic change in relative prices of tradable and non tradable goods and services, which ha…
The present edition of the Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean, annual publication that appears every year since 1948, consists of three parts and one statistical appendix.
The first part of the Survey covers the main aspects of the regional economy from a sectorial and thematic perspective. Chapter 1 deals with the situation of the first half of 2002 and the prospects for the year as a whole, and it is a corrected version of what was previously published separately with the title 2002: Current Conditions and Outlook. In the second chapter the evolution of the regional economy i…
La presente edición del Estudio económico de América Latina y el Caribe, publicación anual que aparece cada año desde 1948, consta de tres partes y un anexo estadístico. En la primera parte se examinan los principales aspectos de la economía regional desde una perspectiva sectorial y temática. El primer capítulo, dedicado a la situación en el primer semestre de 2002 y a las perspectivas para el conjunto del año, constituye una versión corregida de la ya publicada con el título Situación y perspectivas 2002. En el segundo capítulo se analiza la evolución de la economía regional en 2001. E…
Abstract This paper describes trends in economic growth and its causes in several Latin American countries in the 20th century. In the explanatory scheme, a distinction is made between 'proximate' and 'ultimate' causes of economic growth. Proximate causes are those areas of causality where models and quantification is possible, whereas ultimate causes are much more difficult to quantify. Some elements in the realm of the ultimate causes (like institutions and income distribution) will be analysed in an historical perspective and others, especially total factor p…
Este trabajo fue preparado por Peter Hill, y publicado en 1996 en inglés, su idioma original, con el título Inflation Accounting. A manual on national accounting under conditions of high inflation por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE);. Para su edición en español fue traducido por la División de Estadística y Proyecciones Económicas de la CEPAL, la que utilizó con este fin la terminología del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales 1993 (SCN 1993);.
Resumen
El primer capítulo es un resumen ejecutivo. Sintetiza cada capítulo del manual y ayuda a los lect…
Executive Summary World economic growth gained momentum in 1999 increasing by 3.3 per cent, impelled by vibrant activity in the United States and Asia. The robust United States expansion continued with real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growing by 4.2 per cent. The European Area with growth of 2.3 per cent experienced similar dynamism. In both of these economies strong GDP growth was matched by firm gains in employment. Growth was also more robust in developing countries, as a whole, but showed important disparity by region. Buoyed by competitive exchange rates and strong demand in the …
Introdução (primer párrafo de la introducción);
Embora se identifiquem movimentos no sentido da privatização e abertura anteriores a 1990, pode-se dizer que o período de reformas no Brasil inicia-se efetivamente neste ano. Dentre as reformas usualmente listadas como de primeira geração, pode-se identificar no período 1990- 1998 relativo progresso em pelo menos quatro áreas: estabilização de preços, privatização, abertura ao exterior, seja em termos comerciais ou em termos de captação de recursos, e regulação, esta última se estendendo também ao sistema financeiro. Podem-se mencionar, em adição…
In the author's view, the Mexican financial crisis which erupted at the end of 1994 was not unique, although it did have some special features. Thus, since it could happen again, it would be desirable to gain an in-depth understanding of it. This article therefore analyses the process and underlying causes of the Mexican peso crisis. For this purpose, the author distinguishes three main periods. The first of these extends from the beginning of 1990 up to March 1994, and an analysis is made of the problems that were hatching and the policy options that were available. With regard to the se…
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