Le présent article propose d 'interpréter le développement
comme un processus d 'accumulation de capacités
technologiques et sociales,dépendant de la mise à profit de
fenêtres d 'opportunité successives et différentes.Celles-ci
sont déterminées,à partir des pays du centre,par les
révolutions technologiques qui se produisent tous les demi-
siècles et les quatre phases de leur déroulement.Les
possibilités de progresser à chaque opportunité sont fonction
des résultats atteints au cours de la phase précédente,de
l 'identification de la nature de la suivante,de la
compréhension …
Foreword The 1990s were unquestionably a time of transition and reorientation in several aspects of Latin America and the Caribbean's economic, social and political development. As in any period with these characteristics, the effects of long-standing processes mingled and interacted with incipient change. When the decade ended, ECLAC wished to contribute to the evaluation of the main events that marked the consolidation of reform in the region, recognizing of course that the speed of progress varied from country to country and from sector to sector. This publication offers an analysis of…
Abstract Human capital flows can take several forms and include the international circulation of scientists, information technology experts, intellectuals, artists and entrepreneurs. The evidence shows that traditional brain drain , say a permanent and irreversible outflow of human capital, co-exists also with cycles of emigration and return of national talent ( brain circulation ). Thus, for developing countries, the emigration of domestic talent need not be always a permanent loss. However, although return rates vary from country to country, poor economies suffer particularly…
Neste livro são analisadas as oportunidades oferecidas pela incorporação à economia mundial e os riscos implicados, em termos de instabilidade financeira e exclusão. Além disso, propõe-se uma oreorientação dos padrões de desenvolvimento da região em torno do eixo da eqüidade; uma política social universal, solidária e eficiente; um desenvolvimento mais estável, dinâmico, integrador e sustentável, e um conceito integral de cidadania, fundamentado não apenas na participação política, mas também em uma maior participação dos atores sociais nos assuntos públicos, o que é essencial para enfrentar a…
This article puts forward an interpretation of development as a process of accumulation of technological and social capabilities dependent upon taking advantage of successive and different windows of opportunity. These windows are determined from the core countries, through the technological revolutions which occur every half-century and the four phases of their deployment. The possibilities of progressing at each opportunity depend on the achievements made in the previous phase, on identifying the nature of the next one, understanding the techno-economic paradigm of the revolution in question…
En este artículo se estudia la evolución de la competitividad
internacional de los países de América Latina y el Caribe en el
decenio de 1990, prestando atención a las dimensiones
microeconómica y sectorial. Se evalúa el desempeño competitivo
de los países de la región, contrastándolo con el de sus
principales competidores en el mundo en desarrollo; se analizan
los actores empresariales involucrados, entre ellos las filiales
de empresas transnacionales y las grandes empresas de
capital nacional, y se presentan consideraciones de política. Si
bien se observan avances en la competitividad de la …
This article looks at the evolution of international competitiveness in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s, focusing on the microeconomic and sectoral aspects. It evaluates the competitive performance of the region's countries, contrasting it with that of their main competitors in the developing world; it analyses the corporate actors involved, including the subsidiaries of transnational enterprises and large locally owned firms; and it sets forth some political considerations. Although progress has been made with competitiveness in the region, this has been lar…
(*) Roberto Pizarro es consultor de la División de Estadística y Proyecciones Económicas de la CEPAL. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento, que no ha sido sometido a revisión editorial, son de exclusiva responsabilidad del autor y pueden no coincidir con las de la Organización. Resumen A comienzos del nuevo siglo la vulnerabilidad se ha constituido en el rasgo social dominante de América Latina. El predominio del mercado en la vida económica, la economía abierta al mundo y el repliegue del estado de las funciones que tuvo en el pasado provocaron un cambio de envergadura en las …
Presentación El vigesimoctavo período de sesiones de la CEPAL, realizado en México en abril de 2000, coincide con el inicio de una nueva década y un nuevo siglo. Esta circunstancia llevó a la Secretaría a preparar un documento, Equidad, desarrollo y ciudadanía, que presenta en forma integral el pensamiento de la institución sobre los retos del desarrollo de la región en el mundo de hoy. Con el ánimo de facilitar su difusión, la presente edición del documento se ha realizado en tres tomos, en coedición con Alfaomega Grupo Editor.El tomo I -Visión global- tiene dos capítulos. El primero analiza …
The subject-matter of this article lies at the crossroads between the literature on technological change and that on industrial dynamics. The analysis centers on the links between the form of accumulation of technical know-how in an industry and the likelihood that the innovation in question can become a vehicle for the entry of new enterprises into the sector. The studies on the developed countries tackle this matter through two approaches: that of technological regimes and that based on the life-cycle of industry. Both these concepts are of an evolutionary nature and are set forth in section…
Los temas de este artículo se hallan en la intersección de la
literatura sobre cambio tecnológico y aquella sobre dinámica
industrial. El análisis se centra en la vinculación entre la forma
de acumulación de conocimientos técnicos en una industria y
la probabilidad de que la innovación pueda constituirse en el
vehículo para el ingreso de nuevas empresas al sector. Los
estudios de los países desarrollados abordan este tema a través
de dos enfoques: el de los regímenes tecnológicos y el del ciclo
de vida de la industria, conceptos ambos de raigambre
evolucionista; en el artículo se dedica la sec…
Abstract Stable, sustainable economic development cannot be achieved unless and until social development also takes place. Consequently, the social dimensions of economic development and productivity are as important as the economic dimensions. In Latin America, inequality is the social dimension of utmost concern. Income and social inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean is the highest in the world, and the performance of the social sector is inadequate. These conditions are severely hampering economic growth and individual prosperity. More attention and investment is needed to reduce i…
A CEPAL - Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe coordenou um projeto sobre Crescimento, Emprego e Eqüidade na América Latina nos anos 90, envolvendo a análise das experiências de reformas adotadas em nove países da região nesse período, e buscando sistematizar o conhecimento a esse respeito, identificar os traços comuns entre essas experiências e sugerir medidas de política. Esse projeto cobriu cinco áreas temáticas: reformas macroeconômicas e sociais, processos de investimento e crescimento, estrutura de progresso técnico e sistemas nacionais de inovação, geração de emprego e d…
Is the degree of competitiveness of countries independent of their degree of inequality? Is competitiveness only a question of microeconomic and sectoral efficiency, of the real exchange rate, or is it also a social question? So far, the specialized literature has ignored the problem of equity in the determination of countries' competitiveness. It has then been unable to provide a full explanation of the competitiveness actually observed, however. In this article, equity is incorporated into the production function and also into investors' decisions in a world of perfect mobility of …
This article analyses the relations between the competitiveness of an economy and the labour regulations in force in it. It is argued that economic theory is by no means conclusive regarding the impact of labour regulations on competitiveness, since different schools of thought maintain opposing positions in many respects. Moreover, empirical research has shown that the evidence put forward with respect to these assumed linkages is not very relevant. Various policy consequences follow from this: countries have various strategies open to them and greater leeway that is usually suggested, since …
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