This article will focus on the central role played by imperfect or incomplete markets in the spread and perpetuation of recessionary situations. It is a known fact that demand volatility perpetuates such situations, and this can only be mitigated by sustainable economic stimulus policies. Macrofiscal rules, which are important for enhancing the tarnished credibility of State action, need to combine two basic principles: responsibility and stability. This means preserving regulation mechanisms so that excessive macroeconomic fluctuations can be stabilized. The best thing the authorities can do …
Preface
More than two decades have passed since the region's first attempts to move towards a development strategy that was more open to foreign competition and more deregulated, in which the State had a smaller role in production activities. Those earliest efforts were made at the start of the 1970s by Chile and were later followed by similar initiatives in Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica and Brazil in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The change in development paradigm, which entailed the abandonment of the inward-oriented, state-led model of the postwar period, brought about grea…
The purpose of this article is to investigate the determinants of the distribution of income in Latin America, focusing in particular on two questions: one is the relationship between the distribution and income, while the other is the impact of the package of structural economic reforms that have been adopted in Latin America in recent years. Two main conclusions are drawn from the econometric evidence. There appears to be a robust and significant relationship between the distribution and income. It has the inverted U-shape that Kuznets predicted, but this relationship has been shifting in a …
This article analyses the structural changes in Latin American industry, which speeded up in the 1990s with the consolidation in the region of the external openness programmes, the deregulation of many markets, and the privatization of major sectors of industrial activity which had previously been dominated by State enterprises. The branches of manufacturing which have turned in the best relative performances over the last twenty years are natural resource-based industries producing staple industrial commodities, industries assembling computers, video equipment, television sets or clothing, an…
En este artículo se pretende investigar los factores determinantes
de la distribución del ingreso en América Latina, prestando
particular atención a dos aspectos: uno es la relación entre la
distribución y el ingreso y el otro el impacto del conjunto de
reformas económicas estructurales que se han aplicado en la
región en los últimos años. De la evidencia econométrica se
desprenden dos conclusiones principales. Parece haber una
relación sólida y significativa entre la distribución y el ingreso.
Tiene la forma de U invertida que Kuznets predijo, aunque
esta relación se ha ido haciendo más regre…
En este artículo se analiza la mutación estructural de la industria
latinoamericana, que se aceleró durante los años noventa a
medida que se fueron consolidando en la región los programas
de apertura externa de las economías, la desregulación de múltiples
mercados y la privatización de grandes sectores de actividad
industrial, previamente dominados por empresas estatales.
Las ramas manufactureras que han logrado un mejor desempeño
relativo a lo largo de los últimos veinte años son las
procesadoras de recursos naturales que producen commodities
industriales de uso difundido, las industrias maqu…
This article describes the neoliberal experiment of the 1990s in Peru, placing it in its historical context. The central hypothesis is that in that decade the Peruvian economy has lacked an operational system of monetary and fiscal policies capable of functioning without giving rise to serious disturbances in the level of economic activity. The monetary authorities do not possess the basic instruments which have been used in the past to handle adverse external shocks affecting the Peruvian economy, because of two structural reforms carried out in the financial field: the dollarization of the b…
En este trabajo se describe el experimento neoliberal de los años noventa, ubicándolo en su contexto histórico. La hipótesis central es que la economía peruana de este decenio carece de un sistema operativo de políticas monetarias y fiscales, que funcione sin producir grandes trastornos en el nivel de actividad económica. La autoridad monetaria no cuenta con los instrumentos básicos que históricamente han sido usados para manejar los shocks externos adversos en la economía peruana, debido a dos reformas estructurales realizadas en el ámbito financiero: la dolarización del sistema bancario y la…
Tras las profundas reformas
económicas aplicadas en los países de América Latina durante los últimos años,
Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, Asesor Regional Principal de la CEPAL, advierte una
sensación generalizada de insatisfacción entre la población y los actores
sociales . El optimismo inicial sobre el desempeño reciente y futuro de la región
ha dado paso al reinicio de la búsqueda de senderos hacia un mayor crecimiento,
sustentable y con equidad.
En su libro Macroeconomía,
comercio y finanzas para reformar las reformas en América Latina, sostiene que la
desilusión se debe a que la distrib…
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to quantify the process of structural reform in Latin America in five areas: trade reform, financial liberalization, tax reform, liberalization of external capital transactions and privatization. It presents indexes for these five areas for 17 countries for the period 1970-1995. The resulting indexes permit one to make comparisons of the degree of reform across countries over time and to examine in a quantitative way the impact of these reforms. The indexes show that the reform process has not been uniform across time, country, or area of reform. The reforms s…
This article seeks to summarize the results of some studies on the structure and dynamics of the big domestically owned industrial companies and groups in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico); and presents supplementary elements for placing them in an overall perspective. The studies include individual analyses of 46 leading companies (in Brazil, Chile and Colombia); and 15 economic groups with an industrial base (in Brazil and Mexico);, together with aggregated studies of such groups in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. In all cases, the studies were based…
Este artículo busca sintetizar los resultados de algunos estudios sobre la estructura y dinámica de los GGE en cinco países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Chile y México); y presentar elementos complementarios para ubicarlos en una perspectiva de conjunto. Tales estudios incluyen análisis individualizados de 46 empresas líderes (Brasil, Colombia y Chile); y 15 grupos económicos de base industrial (Brasil y México);, así como análisis agregados sobre esos grupos en Argentina, Brasil y México. En todos los casos, los análisis se basaron en entrevistas realizadas especialmente, re…