This article aims to classify and analyze the efforts at structural change made in the Brazilian motor industry between 1990 and 1996, seeking to relate them with the economic policy measures which had most impact on the sector. The study begins by examining the explosive increase in domestic demand for motor vehicles, its determining factors, and its main implications, especially the achievement of efficient scales of production and the initiation of a wave of investments which has been further intensified in the last three years. It goes on to study the increase in the technological dynamism…
Trade among the ALADI countries has grown with exceptional vigour so far in the 1990s, especially in the branches of metal products, machinery and equipment, chemical products, and foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco. In order for this dynamic growth to be sustainable in the long term, these countries must develop their intra-industry trade by promoting reciprocal supply in those branches. The bulk of transnational productive capital in Latin America is concentrated in those branches, and it is in the metal products, machinery and equipment sector that the swiftest increase in intra-industry tra…
This study examines South-South economic relations in the context of regionalism. It covers three Latin American countries and eight high-performing Asian developing economies. Although the level of trade and investment between these two groups is currently very low, trade is growing fast and there are indications that the potential for continued growth exists. Although regionalism is advancing in both these parts of the world, it has so far not affected the ties between the two groups of countries, and in fact inter-regional trade growth has recently been exceeding intra-regional …
The external and internal imbalances that appeared in the early 1980s, together with the adjustment and stabilization policies applied throughout that decade in Latin America, juxtaposed the need to reduce the fiscal deficit with the need to make up for the loss of income sustained by the most vulnerable groups of the population as a consequence of the external debt crisis. This article examines patterns of social expenditure in a number of countries in the region, in an effort to determine how these policies affected the level and composition of social spending and, hence, influenced social p…
This article discusses various hypotheses relating to the originand operation of business groups in Mexico, and it proposes a model toexplain the sources of their total asset growth. It highlights their growingcontribution to Mexican gdp, but notes that their shares of employmentand profits are smaller. Over time, sales and assets have clearly tendedto become more concentrated in the largest groups. The paper concludesthat the main financing sources for asset growth between 2005 and 2007were firstly debt and secondly capital contributions from shareholders. Italso finds that the leading groups…
Preface In Latin America and the Caribbean, the idea of social cohesion has emerged as a response to persistent problems which, despite certain achievements over the past few years, continue to exist: high indices of poverty and indigence, the extreme inequality that characterizes our region and various forms of discrimination and social exclusion dating back to the distant past. The actors that might potentially be capable of fostering positive interaction lack a common set of principles of cooperation and communication. While there are usually many reasons for these gaps, the frail m…
The growth of high-quality employment needed to reduce the share of informal
occupation and open unemployment in Peru will require an acceleration
and diversification of private investment in the tradable sector. One of
the main constraints faced is the uncompetitiveness of the
non-extractive tradable sector. In 1990-2003, competitiveness improved
in this sector essentially as a result of lower labour costs, a socially unjust
and economically ineffective route to follow. To raise competitiveness,
it is essential for the macroeconomic regime to include a competitive
real exchange rate (to which…
In the 1990s,Argentina received large amounts of foreign direct investment and the participation of multinational companies in the country's economy increased significantly. As during the import substitution industrialization period, the basic goal of multinationals is still to exploit the domestic market.Two differences from that period can be observed, however:access to the Brazilian market allows for greater economies of scale and specialization,and increased competition in many tradable sectors is forcing subsidiaries to bring their operations closer to international best practice. Th…
Foreword The Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government,which met in Panama in November 2000, devoted a good part of its deliberations to the subject o children and youth.It recognized the importance of their rights,as clearly enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child,which all the Ibero-American countries have signed.It also identified the most urgent problems acing boys,girls and adolescents and,in the Panama Declaration 2000,set forth the strategies for resolving them. As these priorities were established,it became clear that there was a ne…
This article analyses the main determinants of private-sector investment in Brazil during the period 1956-1996, using an empirical model employed in the most recent studies on developing countries. The econometric procedures followed not only take into account the non-stationarity of the data series examined, but allow for the possible difficulties involved in treating the conditioning variables as exogenous ones or as policy instruments. The findings -both the long-term equations and the short-term models- reveal the positive impact of the output, public investment and financial credit variab…
In this article, indicators of fiscal discretionality are estimated using a simple methodology, and in this way the cyclical component of the public accounts balance (i.e., the amounts of income and expenditure associated with transitory movements of the level of activity); is identified for a number of Latin American countries in the 1990s. The difference gives a measure of the discretional balance, which represents a medium-term indicator of the state of the public accounts. Budgetary rules which take account of these mechanisms not only ensure sustainability over time but also reduce the cy…
This article analyses the impact of public investment on private investment. Apart from purely ideological aspects, two opposing interpretations may be distinguished with regard to the relationship between these variables. The first is that there is competition between public and private investment, so that the former crowds out the latter. The second is that public investment is complementary to private investment in so far that, by generating positive externalities, it creates favourable conditions for the latter. In view of the relative scarcity of empirical studies on this matt…
Public military expenditure (PME); has been analysed very little in the region, mainly for political reasons, which also limit access to the relevant information. Because of various events, however, it is beginning to be the subject of economic analysis both by governments and by multilateral bodies, especially with regard to its most appropriate level (how much is enough?);, its opportunity cost (what are its direct and indirect economic impacts?);, and its cost-effectiveness as a system of acquiring arms (what is its effect per monetary unit?);. According to the most conservative estimate, b…
This article sets out to empirically determine whether the ratiobetween debt and gross domestic product (GDP); affected real and nominalvariables such as the demand for money, the nominal interest rate,investment and the output gap, between January 1995 and March 2008.The specific aim is to identify fiscal-policy transmission channels and decidewhether this policy was active or passive in the period in question. Thestudy finds empirical evidence that fiscal policy was active and monetarypolicy passive -features that characterize a non-Ricardian model.…
The constitution of a new international industrial order dominated by a core of large transnational corporations generally makes life more difficult for the great majority of developing countries because, since most are not in a position to compete effectively, they face still greater marginalization. TNCS more than ever before can significantly influence the international competitiveness and therefore the nature of incorporation of developing countries into the new increasingly integrated international production system. The national origin and form of foreign direct investment and technology…
Latin American manufacturing industry has undergone various changes in recent years. It has registered a favourable performance as far as exports are concerned, but production and investment have grown only slowly in a context of sluggish recovery of domestic demand and greater foreign competition. Other features are greater specialization in natural resource-based intermediate goods characterized by the importance of economies of scale, relatively long lead times for the heavy investments required, and the presence of privatized and transnational enterprises. At the same time, there are signs…
Del 2 al 4 de septiembre de 2025 se llevará a cabo en Brasilia la Sexta Reunión de la Conferencia Regional sobre Desarrollo Social de América Latina y el Caribe, organizada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), el Gobierno de Brasil y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), que realizará simultáneamente su XVII Foro Ministerial para el Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe.
La Conferencia Regional, que congregará a altas autoridades de los ministerios y áreas sociales de los países de la región, es un espacio clave de diálogo y coopera…
Del 2 al 4 de septiembre de 2025 se llevará a cabo en Brasilia la Sexta Reunión de la Conferencia Regional sobre Desarrollo Social de América Latina y el Caribe, organizada por la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), el Gobierno de Brasil y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), que realizará simultáneamente su XVII Foro Ministerial para el Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe.
La Conferencia Regional, que congregará a altas autoridades de los ministerios y áreas sociales de los países de la región, es un espacio clave …
La desigualdad social es una trampa para el desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe y limita el ejercicio de los derechos de las personas. Este fue uno de los temas destacados durante la Sexta Reunión de la Mesa Directiva de la Conferencia Regional sobre Desarrollo Social de América Latina y el Caribe, órgano subsidiario de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), que tuvo lugar este jueves 31 de octubre de 2024 en Barbados.
El encuentro se realiza en el marco del XVI Foro Ministerial sobre Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe, coorganizado y auspiciado por el Gobier…
1 Nov 2016, 05:30 - 15:00
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Evento (Mesas Directivas)
La Primera Reunión de la Mesa Directiva de la Conferencia Regional sobre Desarrollo Social de América Latina y el Caribe de la CEPAL se realizó en conjunto con el VIII Foro Ministerial para el Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe organizado por la Oficina Regional del PNUD para América Latina, la Vicepresidencia de la República Dominicana y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD).…