El objetivo de este artículo es verificar si el patrón geográfico de
comercio exterior de las empresas extranjeras en Brasil se diferencia del
de las empresas nacionales, y si entre las empresas extranjeras la región
de origen de su capital constituye un factor importante para determinar
ese patrón, tanto en términos de origen y destino de las importaciones y
exportaciones como en lo referente al contenido tecnológico de la pauta
de comercio. La metodología utilizada fue el análisis de panel, aplicado
a un conjunto representativo de empresas y para el que se emplearon
datos de comercio desagre…
Este artículo da cuenta del proyecto CEPAL/GTZ dirigido hasta su
fallecimiento por Gabriel Aghón desde la División de Desarrollo Económico
de la CEPAL. El artículo muestra que la emergencia de iniciativas de
desarrollo económico local no se explica únicamente como consecuencia
del avance de los procesos de descentralización en marcha en los diferentes
países de la región, sino como resultado de un conjunto más complejo de
factores surgidos desde los propios territorios, con la movilización y
actuación de agentes locales, públicos y privados. El proyecto realizó casi
treinta estudios de casos e…
En la década anterior a la crisis de 1995, mejoraron en México los
indicadores de desarrollo humano. Aplicando técnicas de descomposición,
el artículo mide el efecto de esas mejoras en las condiciones de los hogares para enfrentar la crisis. La caída del consumo entre 1994 y 1996 se explica con creces por la reducción de la rentabilidad de las diversas características de los hogares, en tanto que la variación de éstas sirvió para mitigar (si bien en mucho menor medida); los efectos negativos de la crisis. De haberse mantenido las características de 1992 de los hogares, la pobreza rural en 1996…
El presente libro, está compuesto por catorce artículos, de los cuales once son estudios de caso, referidos a nueve países de América Latina, versa fundamentalmente sobre el empleo rural no agrícola, (ERNA) que en la actualidad constituye la actividad principal de casi 40% de la población económicamente activa de las zonas rurales de la región y aporta cerca de 50% de sus ingresos. El ERNA se compone de dos segmentos: uno de ingresos relativamente altos y bastante demandante en activos, y otro donde encontramos los hogares pobres y las zonas pobres, dedicados a actividades rurales no a…
The final decade of the twentieth century was a momentous one for Latin America, as it witnessed sweeping changes that represented a turning point with regard to previous trends in the region. The most important of these changes were the revival of economic growth and the reduction of poverty in the initial years of that period. Another significant phenomenon was the impact of international crises on the Latin American countries, especially in the second half of the decade. This book analyses what happened in the countries between 1990 and 1999 and revisits issues of interest to ECLAC, using t…
O Brasil está atualmente participando das negociações para aprofundamento e/ou realização de diversos acordos de livre comércio - Mercosul, ALCA, União Européia, Comunidade Andina, África do Sul, etc. A composição do comércio brasileiro difere bastante entre estes parceiros. Enquanto a pauta de exportações do Brasil para a América Latina, por exemplo, se caracteriza por um maior peso de produtos manufaturados e um maior grau de elaboração, no outro extremo, tem-se uma pauta de exportações para a Europa concentrada em bens primários ou pouco elaborados. Pelo lado das importações, também existem…
Foreign direct investment (FDI); in developing countries has been
increasing at an unprecedented rate, and the profitability of the
operations of the investing firms in poor regions like Sub-Saharan
Africa is extraordinarily high. Yet at the same time there is growing
evidence that transnational corporations (TNCs); are paying less and
less in terms of tax. The developing countries in particular have suffered
from this —it has been estimated that developing country governments
lose at least US$35 billion a year of revenue through tax
avoidance practices. This paper presents empirical evidence …
The contagion aspects of the financial and exchange-rate crises in
recent years demonstrate the need to extend the domain of macroeconomic
policy from the national dimension to the regional one. This paper
presents the main concepts and challenges behind macroeconomic policy
cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean and evaluates them from
a game-theory perspective. Under certain conditions related to the debate
on optimal currency areas, entering into a cooperative dynamic will be beneficial for all participants. Moreover, it is shown that because the welfare gains from regional cooperat…
This article examines the nature and extent of the changes in
Brazilian industry after ten years of economic liberalization. The article
demonstrates that most structural features of Brazilian industry
remain unchanged except in the management of production
processes and in the ownership structure of firms, as rationalization
and inward internationalization became generalized processes.
Brazil may face a development paradox in the years to come.
History suggests that local capital and innovation capabilities have
been outstanding features of countries successful in achieving sustained
economic…
This article aims to determine whether the geographical pattern
of the external trade of foreign-owned enterprises in Brazil differs
from that of domestic enterprises and whether, in the case of foreign
enterprises, the region of origin of their capital is an important factor
in determining that pattern, both in terms of the origin and
destination of their imports and exports and with regard to the
technological content of the pattern. The methodology employed
was panel analysis, applied to a representative set of enterprises,
using trade data broken down by region for 1989, 1997 and 2000.…
This article describes the work done under the ECLAC/GTZ project directed until his death by Gabriel Aghón from the ECLAC Economic Development Division. It shows that the emergence of local economic development initiatives is not only the consequence of the decentralization processes under way in the different countries of the region but is the result of a more complex set of factors which have arisen in the local areas themselves and have given rise to the mobilization and action of
public and private local agents. The project carried out almost
thirty case studies in seven countries of the r…
Before the 1995 crisis, Mexico had registered over a decade of
improvements in human development indicators. Using decomposition techniques, this paper measures the benefits of those improvements in terms of allowing households to cope with that crisis. The decline in consumption between 1994 and 1996 is amply explained by the reduction in the returns to household characteristics, with the changes in those characteristics serving to reduce the negative impact of the crisis. Had household characteristics remained at their 1992 levels, rural poverty in 1996 would have been 48% higher than observ…
Resumen La vulnerabilidad de la República Dominicana frente a desastres asociados a fenómenos climáticos extremos se evidencia nuevamente en la evaluación del impacto socioeconómico y ambiental efectuado tras las inundaciones en la zona del Cibao y en las cuencas de los ríos Yuna y Yaque del Norte en noviembre de 2003. La magnitud global de los daños directos e indirectos asciende a 42,5 millones de dólares, de los cuales 32,6 son pérdidas directas y 9,9 son efectos indirectos, conforme a la metodología de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Además, se registraron pé…