En este artículo se analiza el papel que la CEPAL ha asignado a
la inversión extranjera directa y a las empresas transnacionales
en su propuesta de desarrollo, examinando la historia de la
institución y sus publicaciones más representativas. Con impresionante
continuidad en su visión y en sus recomendaciones
de política, la CEPAL ha reconocido que la inversión extranjera
es necesaria para apuntalar el desarrollo latinoamericano,
pero ha aconsejado cautela ante sus consecuencias. Ha insistido
en la regulación y vigilancia de las actividades de las
transnacionales; tras tales recomendaciones est…
El autor sostiene que la efectividad de los instrumentos para
aliviar la pobreza depende considerablemente de cómo se defina
ésta. El propósito de disminuir la pobreza absoluta implica,
principalmente, una discusión del crecimiento, que ha sido
la fuente principal de su reducción secular. En cambio, si se
define la pobreza en términos relativos, los cambios en la desigualdad
pasan a ser la fuente principal de variaciones en su
incidencia. En cualquier caso, resulta central la relación entre
las dos fuentes potenciales de reducción de la pobreza.
El artículo reseña las implicaciones para el cre…
La cobertura del sistema de pensiones en América Latina es
insuficiente, pese a las reformas introducidas por varios países.
Se destaca la influencia de factores estructurales, como el
nivel de desarrollo relativo, la incidencia de segmentos del
mercado de trabajo de difícil cobertura, rasgos del diseño de
los sistemas y sus incentivos, y factores coyunturales. Dada la
decisiva influencia de tales elementos estructurales, la ampliación
de la cobertura obligará a combinar adecuadamente regímenes
contributivos y no contributivos, para lo cual se formulan
lineamientos de política. Con el fin de p…
Este trabajo presenta los resultados iniciales de una encuesta
de hogares realizada para evaluar los efectos sobre el bienestar
de la crisis económica en Argentina. Asimismo, se pretende
identificar los mecanismos y estrategias de supervivencia
adoptados por los hogares durante estos tiempos difíciles. Los
resultados obtenidos confirman la imagen negativa reflejada
en los indicadores macroeconómicos, dan cuenta de las limitaciones
en la eficacia de los distintos mecanismos de supervivencia
y muestran efectos serios sobre el bienestar. La evidencia
sugiere que tales efectos son más marcados en …
Este trabajo examina los factores que determinaron el ingreso
reciente de bancos extranjeros al mercado brasileño de servicios
bancarios a consumidores (o banca de personas); y las
estrategias que han aplicado en Brasil los principales bancos
europeos. Tras la ola de internacionalización de la banca registrada
en el último tiempo, las instituciones financieras han
mantenido las relaciones existentes y han buscado una mayor
integración en el mercado local. Asimismo, la entrada de bancos
europeos a América Latina y Brasil obedece a un conjunto
de factores diferentes, entre ellos el proceso de re…
This paper looks at the evolution of the terms of trade between commodities and manufactures in the twentieth century. A statistical analysis of the relative price series for 24 commodities and eight indices reveals a significant deterioration in their barter terms of trade over the years 1900 to 2000. This decline was not continuous, however, nor was it distributed evenly among individual products. As is shown here, the far-reaching changes that the world economy underwent around 1920 and again around 1980 led to a stepwise deterioration which, over the long term, was reflected in a decline o…
In the national innovation systems of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD);, countries' export performance is considered to be the measure of their international competitiveness. The national specificity of economic performance is shown by the stickiness of each country's export pattern and indicates how much room for manoeuvre there is in each case for economic development policy initiatives. The authors introduce an analysis of the export specialization patterns of the Central American countries. They follow the methodology of innovative Eur…
This article presents the characteristics and situation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in a number of Latin American countries. First of all, it considers the most common definitions used in each country and establishes the number of enterprises in each category, together with their sectoral and regional distribution. It then analyses the influence that the business environment has on the management of enterprises, their problems and the public response, with consideration given to the degree of institutional development in the region and the impact of this on business behaviour.…
A potential threat to the effectiveness of institutions in Latin America promoting small and medium-sized enterprise (SME); development is that these programmes might become clientelistic agencies, advancing interests other than the welfare of the SMEs themselves. As governments in Latin America have adopted more market-oriented policies, however, government institutions in the region that promote SMEs are undergoing a similar transformation. Our hypothesis is that two factors, the extent to which an institution has adopted market-oriented practices and its degree of autonomy (both from govern…
This paper analyses the role assigned to foreign direct investment and transnational corporations in the ECLAC development project, examining the history of the institution and its most representative publications. With impressive continuity in its vision and policy recommendations, ECLAC has recognized the need for foreign investment as an aid for Latin American development, but has been cautious about its consequences. ECLAC has continually called for close scrutiny and regulation of the activities of transnational corporations. The main idea underlying these recommendations is that Latin Am…
The author argues that the effectiveness of poverty alleviation instruments largely depends on how poverty is defined. The aim of reducing absolute poverty chiefly entails a discussion of growth, historically the main factor in this process. If poverty is defined in relative terms, on the other hand, then it is changes in inequality that are the main factor behind variations in its incidence. In any event, the relationship between the two potential sources of poverty reduction is crucial. This article summarizes the growth and distribution implications of growth-oriented policies in the first …
Despite the reforms undertaken by several countries in Latin America, the coverage of the region's pension systems remains inadequate. Underlying that circumstance are both context-sensitive factors and those of a more structural nature, such as the level of relative development, the difficulty of covering certain segments of the labour market, and the way in which the systems and incentives are designed. Given the decisive influence of the structural factors, the expansion of coverage will require the right combination of contributory and non-contributory systems, to which end this artic…
This study presents the initial findings of a household survey dealing with the effects of the Argentine economic crisis on welfare. It also seeks to identify the coping mechanisms and strategies adopted by households in these difficult times. The results obtained confirm the negative image reflected in the macroeconomic indicators, identify the limitations of the different coping mechanisms and reveal serious effects on welfare. The evidence suggests that the effects on the use of health services have been more marked than those on the use of education services.…
This paper sets out to analyse the determinants of recent foreign bank investments in the Brazilian retail banking market and the strategies of the major European banks in Brazil. Since the recent wave of banking internationalization, financial institutions have continued to pursue their existing relationships while seeking greater integration into local markets. The recent influx of European banks into Latin America and Brazil, meanwhile, has been due to a varied range of factors, including bank restructuring in Europe, the dynamic of internationalization in the Spanish banking system and the…
Puerto Rico and Caribbean Community (CARICOM); Caribbean countries share important
common characteristics. They are open economies and while their trade specialization
patterns are heterogenous, historical, institutional and geographical factors have shaped
export and import linkages that are closely tied to those of the United States and Western
Europe.
CARICOM Caribbean economies and Puerto Rico also adopted, early on, a common approach
to development, that of 'industrialisation by invitation'. Its main elements included
fiscal incentives, the attraction of foreign direct investmen…
Resumen Las alternativas de política para fortalecer el ahorro de los estratos de menores ingresos se analizan en este documento, sobre la base de casos registrados en seis países: Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Perú y Uruguay. En la introducción se hace referencia al ahorro interno como fuente de crecimiento de la economía y a la acumulación de activos por parte de las personas de menores ingresos como mecanismo para reducir la pobreza y disminuir la desigualdad intergeneracional de ingresos. Luego, en el segundo capítulo, se examinan los factores que explican el ahorro …
Resumen En este trabajo se parte de la siguiente hipótesis central que plantea un desafío: hay un cambio estructural, tanto en la economía internacional como en el manejo de las políticas públicas, lo que determina, a su vez, un cambio en el funcionamiento económico y en los efectos sobre el empleo, la pobreza y la equidad. Esto origina una mayor inseguridad e incertidumbre y genera tensiones en las personas, las familias y la sociedad en su conjunto. El desafío es cómo enfrentar esta realidad cuando las políticas públicas se encuentran en la encrucijada entre la forma de funcionamien…
Abstract This paper uses a political economy approach to examine the nature and social impact of Ireland's economic 'miracle', namely the period of high economic growth known as the 'Celtic Tiger', which lasted from 1995 until 2000. Its principal purpose is to offer a broad and multifaceted reading of this period of Irish development, paying particular attention to the links between macroeconomic success and social vulnerability, in order to draw policy lessons for Latin America. The examination of the Celtic Tiger is prefaced by a brief introduction to some of the sa…
The decline in flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Latin America and the Caribbean which began in 2000 grew even sharper in 2002. This trend reflects a major change in the world and regional economies. At the regional level, it is associated with greater instability, slow economic growth and the approaching completion of the privatization process. National crises such as those experienced by Argentina, Uruguay and Venezuela made investors become more risk-averse. Sluggish growth in demand in the United States economy hurt investment in Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, where…
La edición 2002 del Anuario estadístico de América
Latina y el Caribe contiene una selección actualizada a
comienzos de diciembre de las principales series
estadísticas disponibles sobre la evolución económica y
social de los países de la región. Representa un
sistemático esfuerzo de la División de Estadística y
Proyecciones de la CEPAL, orientado a homogeneizar
las cifras y a hacerlas internacionalmente comparables. La primera parte comprende indicadores socioeconómicos
derivados (tasas de crecimiento, proporciones
o coeficientes), que representan una visión resumida de
cada área de interés y…