INTRODUCCIÓN
En las últimas dos décadas la economía argentina sufrió múltiples
transformaciones que tienden a conformar un sistema de organización de la
producción claramente diferenciado del vigente en el pasado.
Estos cambios han sido particularmente intensos en el sector industrial.
En este sentido, si bien el nuevo modelo de industrialización no se ha terminado
de definir, es evidente que difiere sustancialmente de aquél basado en la
sustitución de importaciones, que caracterizó a la Argentina desde 1930. Estos
cambios estructurales tienen sus fundamentos tanto en las modificaciones de
con…
Foreword Four years ago, the secretariat submitted to the States members of ECLAC the document entitled Changing Production Patterns with Social Equity. It offered general guidelines for the development of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, including, in particular, the proposal that production should become more internationally competitive, not only in order to increase exports but also to achieve efficient import substitution. At the same time, the document offered a framework for subsequent activities of the Commission revolving around the study of a number of rel…
Presentación Hace ya cuatro años, la Secretaría entregó a los gobiernos de los Estados miembros de la CEPAL el documento titulado Transformación productiva con equidad. Este proponía orientaciones generales para el desarrollo de los países de América Latina y el Caribe, entre las que se destacaban aquellas orientadas a que la actividad productiva adquiriera competitividad internacional, tanto para aumentar las exportaciones como para lograr una eficiente sustitución de importaciones. Al mismo tiempo, ese documento ofrecía un marco de referencia para las actividades posteriores de la institució…
There is growing consensus that although a solid, balanced macroeconomic base is a necessary condition for development, it is not of itself enough to ensure that development is actually achieved or that its fruits will be enjoyed by the population as a whole. In a series of documents, ECLAC has been defining a coherent agenda of public policy reforms designed to ensure a change in production patterns accompanied by greater social equity. This article seeks to present a summary of this proposal, leaving aside for this reason the underlying diagnosis of the regional situation and the general fra…
The multidisciplinary peace-keeping and post-conflict peace-building (PCPB); operations of today have imposed on the United Nations a multifaceted and complex role, comprising both verification and good offices functions in a wide variety of areas. This has put tremendous pressure on the human and financial resources of the Organization. As a result, many flaws in the United Nations system have been brought to light, such as the inadequate coordination that exists between the different bodies of the Organization and its inability to address problems associated with peace and development in a r…
This paper discusses the interplay between domestic policies and foreign interests under the institutional framework to be administered by' the World Trade Organization (WTO);. It presents a theoretical model that treats the WTO as the forum for an overlapping game which provides the rules for the maintenance of an open trading system among economies that are periodically submitted to protectionist pressures. Overlapping games occur when a particular player is engaged at the same time in games against distinct opponents, and when the strategy pursued in one game limits strategies availabl…
This article explores the causes, consequences, magnitude and forms of a phenomenon which is of fundamental importance in the current scene and has enormous implications for the Latin American economies: the growing pace of international capital movements. Many billions of dollars are shifted across national borders by satellite, and a small part of this amount has become the basic element in Latin America's external financing. This financial globalization has its roots in the accumulation of enormous tied liquid surpluses, the generalized liberalization of capital accounts after the coll…
The region's changeover from a shortage of external funds to a relatively plentiful supply of such resources at a time when an effort is being made to liberalize its trade and financial sectors raises a number of questions regarding the effect of this phenomenon on the growth of Latin American exports. In an effort to answer these questions, the author examines a number of different attempts to arrive at a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between exchange and trade policies and the region's export performance in the 1980s. The main conclusions drawn from this analysis are …
Most studies of the region's economy say little or nothing about the status of its environment and natural resources; few references are made to the environmental quality of population centres or to fluctuations in natural resource stocks, especially of renewable resources, despite their crucial importance for the region's development options. The no more than moderate pace of the region's absorption of technical progress, the intensification of its international trade and the declining value of the region's products in the international marketplace have all brought increas…
The greater openness to the outside world exhibited today by rural, peasant and indigenous groups is particularly notable among the young people in those populations, whose behavioural patterns, referents and expectations differ from those of preceding generations. At the same time, living conditions in the farming sector have improved very little, and agricultural producers' self-images have worsened; both of these factors prompt young people to leave the sector. Today, only half the people born in rural areas in the 1960s still live there. Not enough attention has been devoted to this s…
The central focus of this article is on the role played by transnational corporations in the industrial realignment of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico between the end of the import substitution stage and the early 1990s. Based on recently published studies dealing with the sweeping changes occurring in Latin America's manufacturing sector following the region's economic crisis and liberalization process, a computer programme developed by the ECLAC Division of Production, Productivity and Management has been used to examine the changes that have taken place in the sector's pr…
Dedicated to Fernando Fajnzylber, In memoriam
This article analyses the approach which ECLAC has taken to the subject of technology. In this respect, the author identifies two different periods. The first starts with the inception of ECLAC and continues up to the 1970s. This period, during which efforts focused on achieving Latin America's industrialization, essentially by means of import substitution, was characterized by what the author terms technological passivity on the part of the relevant agents and of mainstream economic thought in the region. The second period, from t…
Existe un creciente consenso en que si bien una base macroeconómica sólida y equilibrada es una condición del desarrollo, no basta para asegurarlo, ni para que sus frutos alcancen al conjunto de la población. En diversos documentos, la CEPAL ha ido definiendo una agenda coherente de reformas de las políticas públicas que apunta a una transformación productiva con equidad. En este artículo se presenta una síntesis de esa propuesta; se excluye, por lo tanto, el diagnóstico de la situación regional, así como los marcos generales de la estrategia. Las orientaciones globales se presentan de modo si…
En este artículo se examina la interacción de las políticas nacionales y los intereses extranjeros en el marco institucional que administrará la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC);. Presenta un marco teórico que trata a la OMC como el foro de un juego de superposición que proporciona las normas para mantener un sistema de libre comercio entre economías periódicamente sometidas a presiones proteccionistas. Los juegos de superposición tienen lugar cuando determinado jugador participa simultáneamente en juegos contra distintos oponentes y cuando la estrategia seguida en un juego limita las e…
En este artículo se exploran las causas, consecuencias, magnitud y formas de un fenómeno fundamental del escenario contemporáneo y de enorme incidencia en las economías latinoamericanas: la aceleración de los movimientos internacionales de capital. Billones de dólares se transan por satélite a través de las fronteras, y una pequeña fracción de ellos se ha constituido en el elemento básico del financiamiento externo de América Latina. Esta globalización financiera enraiza en la acumulación de enormes excedentes líquidos vinculados, la liberalización generalizada de las cuentas de capital tras e…