Costa Rica: focalización y seguimiento de programas sociales en gran escala

Una síntesis de la propuesta de la CEPAL

Existe un creciente consenso en que si bien una base macroeconómica sólida y equilibrada es una condición del desarrollo, no basta para asegurarlo, ni para que sus frutos alcancen al conjunto de la población. En diversos documentos, la CEPAL ha ido definiendo una agenda coherente de reformas de las políticas públicas que apunta a una transformación productiva con equidad. En este artículo se presenta una síntesis de esa propuesta; se excluye, por lo tanto, el diagnóstico de la situación regional, así como los marcos generales de la estrategia. Las orientaciones globales se presentan de modo si…

Movimientos de capital y financiamiento externo

En este artículo se exploran las causas, consecuencias, magnitud y formas de un fenómeno fundamental del escenario contemporáneo y de enorme incidencia en las economías latinoamericanas: la aceleración de los movimientos internacionales de capital. Billones de dólares se transan por satélite a través de las fronteras, y una pequeña fracción de ellos se ha constituido en el elemento básico del financiamiento externo de América Latina. Esta globalización financiera enraiza en la acumulación de enormes excedentes líquidos vinculados, la liberalización generalizada de las cuentas de capital tras e…

Impacto de la política cambiaria y comercial en el desempeño exportador en los años ochenta

El paso de una situación de escasez de recursos externos a una de relativa abundancia de ellos, en el marco de una apertura comercial y financiera, obliga a plantear algunas interrogantes sobre el efecto de este fenómeno en la dinámica de las exportaciones latinoamericanas. Para ello se examinan aquí diversos intentos de evaluación cuantitativa de los vínculos entre las políticas cambiaria y comercial y el comportamiento de las exportaciones en los años ochenta. Las principales conclusiones indican que a nivel agregado las exportaciones no son muy sensibles a las variaciones de largo plazo del…

Situación y perspectivas ambientales en América Latina y el Caribe

La mayoría de los análisis sobre la economía regional poco o nada dicen de la situación del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales; faltan referencias a la calidad ambiental de las poblaciones y a las fluctuaciones de las existencias de recursos naturales, especialmente los renovables, pese a su importancia crucial para las alternativas de desarrollo de la región, La incorporación sólo moderada del progreso técnico, la intensificación del comercio internacional y el deterioro del valor de los productos regionales en el mercado internacional han acrecentado la presión sobre los recursos. Si a …

Expectativas de la juventud y el desarrollo rural

La mayor apertura actual al mundo de la población rural, campesina e indígena se observa particularmente en la juventud, la que tiene patrones de comportamiento, referentes y expectativas distintos a los de generaciones anteriores. Al mismo tiempo, las condiciones de vida en el sector agrícola han progresado poco y la autovaloración del productor agrícola se ha desmejorado, factores ambos que impulsan a la juventud a dejarlo. En el medio rural sólo mora hoy la mitad de los que nacieron en él en los años sesenta. Se le ha dado insuficiente atención a esta realidad, que se traduce, entre otras c…

Empresas transnacionales y cambios estructurales en la industria de Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México

El tema central de este artículo es el papel que desempeñaron las empresas transnacionales en la reestructuración industrial de la Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México, desde fines del período de la sustitución de importaciones hasta comienzos de los años noventa. A partir de estudios publicados recientemente sobre la profunda transformación que ha experimentado la industria manufacturera latinoamericana tras los efectos de la crisis económica y del proceso de apertura, se utiliza aquí un programa computacional elaborado por la División de Desarrollo Productivo y Empresarial de la CEPAL, para exa…

El cambio tecnológico en los análisis estructuralistas

A Fernando Fajnzylber, in memoriam Este artículo analiza el enfoque con que la CEPAL ha abordado el tema de la tecnología. Para ello identifica dos períodos. El primero va del surgimiento de la CEPAL hasta los años setenta; corresponde a los esfuerzos por lograr la industrialización latinoamericana a través, fundamentalmente, de la sustitución de importaciones y se caracterizó por lo que en el trabajo se denomina una pasividad tecnológica tanto de los agentes como del pensamiento económico dominante en la región. El segundo período, que va de los años ochenta a la fecha, se caracte…

CEPAL Review no.55

Revista de la CEPAL no.55

A summary of the ECLAC proposals

There is growing consensus that although a solid, balanced macroeconomic base is a necessary condition for development, it is not of itself enough to ensure that development is actually achieved or that its fruits will be enjoyed by the population as a whole. In a series of documents, ECLAC has been defining a coherent agenda of public policy reforms designed to ensure a change in production patterns accompanied by greater social equity. This article seeks to present a summary of this proposal, leaving aside for this reason the underlying diagnosis of the regional situation and the general fra…

Post-conflict peace-building: a challenge for the United Nations

The multidisciplinary peace-keeping and post-conflict peace-building (PCPB); operations of today have imposed on the United Nations a multifaceted and complex role, comprising both verification and good offices functions in a wide variety of areas. This has put tremendous pressure on the human and financial resources of the Organization. As a result, many flaws in the United Nations system have been brought to light, such as the inadequate coordination that exists between the different bodies of the Organization and its inability to address problems associated with peace and development in a r…

The political economy of protection after the Uruguay Round

This paper discusses the interplay between domestic policies and foreign interests under the institutional framework to be administered by' the World Trade Organization (WTO);. It presents a theoretical model that treats the WTO as the forum for an overlapping game which provides the rules for the maintenance of an open trading system among economies that are periodically submitted to protectionist pressures. Overlapping games occur when a particular player is engaged at the same time in games against distinct opponents, and when the strategy pursued in one game limits strategies availabl…

Capital movements and external financing

This article explores the causes, consequences, magnitude and forms of a phenomenon which is of fundamental importance in the current scene and has enormous implications for the Latin American economies: the growing pace of international capital movements. Many billions of dollars are shifted across national borders by satellite, and a small part of this amount has become the basic element in Latin America's external financing. This financial globalization has its roots in the accumulation of enormous tied liquid surpluses, the generalized liberalization of capital accounts after the coll…

The impact of exchange-rate and trade policy on export performance in the 1980s

The region's changeover from a shortage of external funds to a relatively plentiful supply of such resources at a time when an effort is being made to liberalize its trade and financial sectors raises a number of questions regarding the effect of this phenomenon on the growth of Latin American exports. In an effort to answer these questions, the author examines a number of different attempts to arrive at a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between exchange and trade policies and the region's export performance in the 1980s. The main conclusions drawn from this analysis are …

The present state and future prospects of the environment in Latin America and the Caribbean

Most studies of the region's economy say little or nothing about the status of its environment and natural resources; few references are made to the environmental quality of population centres or to fluctuations in natural resource stocks, especially of renewable resources, despite their crucial importance for the region's development options. The no more than moderate pace of the region's absorption of technical progress, the intensification of its international trade and the declining value of the region's products in the international marketplace have all brought increas…

Youth expectations and rural development

The greater openness to the outside world exhibited today by rural, peasant and indigenous groups is particularly notable among the young people in those populations, whose behavioural patterns, referents and expectations differ from those of preceding generations. At the same time, living conditions in the farming sector have improved very little, and agricultural producers' self-images have worsened; both of these factors prompt young people to leave the sector. Today, only half the people born in rural areas in the 1960s still live there. Not enough attention has been devoted to this s…

Transnational corporations and structural changes in industry in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico

The central focus of this article is on the role played by transnational corporations in the industrial realignment of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico between the end of the import substitution stage and the early 1990s. Based on recently published studies dealing with the sweeping changes occurring in Latin America's manufacturing sector following the region's economic crisis and liberalization process, a computer programme developed by the ECLAC Division of Production, Productivity and Management has been used to examine the changes that have taken place in the sector's pr…

Technological change and structuralist analysis

Dedicated to Fernando Fajnzylber, In memoriam This article analyses the approach which ECLAC has taken to the subject of technology. In this respect, the author identifies two different periods. The first starts with the inception of ECLAC and continues up to the 1970s. This period, during which efforts focused on achieving Latin America's industrialization, essentially by means of import substitution, was characterized by what the author terms technological passivity on the part of the relevant agents and of mainstream economic thought in the region. The second period, from t…

Latin America and the Caribbean: policies to improve linkages with the global economy

Foreword Four years ago, the secretariat submitted to the States members of ECLAC the document entitled Changing Production Patterns with Social Equity. It offered general guidelines for the development of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, including, in particular, the proposal that production should become more internationally competitive, not only in order to increase exports but also to achieve efficient import substitution. At the same time, the document offered a framework for subsequent activities of the Commission revolving around the study of a number of rel…