The renewed interest sparked by the potential for intraregional cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean today has been reflected in numerous agreements regarding trade preferences and in attempts to establish free trade areas, customs unions or common markets. The possibility has even been discussed of setting up free trade arrangements on a hemispheric scale. This plethora of proposals inevitably raises a great many questions. What is the reason for this renewed interest? Are the differences between the schemes of today and those of the 1960s and 1970s significant enough to avert the o…
This paper discusses the concept of transnational innovation systems (TNIS) and presents some experiences in Europe in the formation of TNIS. The real cases show that supporting the emergence of Transnational Innovation Systems has clear benefits for the countries and the regions involved which may be related to the enlargement of consumer, labour and factor markets, enhanced competition, extended division of labour and increased specialization (Lundquist and Trippl, 2011: 3). Regional integration across borders can therefore be of high importance for small and emerging economies, where resour…
Commercial bioprospecting activities in Latin America and the Caribbean assume various different forms and approaches in accordance with the target markets, the country context and business models involved. While prospecting for medicinally or industrially valuable substances derived from natural resources is not necessarily a new phenomenon, the systematic search for biologically active compounds in nature has gained a new significance as a component of biodiversity conservation strategies. Furthermore, the increasing availability of new scientific and technological tools have enabled new lev…
For most developing countries, open regionalism has emerged as quite a sensible response to the undergoing turbulent and asymmetric process of economic globalization. Moreover, the successful experience of the countries which are now part of the European Union, has made regional integration an increasingly attractive option for the developing world. Whenever regional integration is intended to go beyond merely a free trade agreement, macroeconomic coordination becomes a key issue. Theoretically, the underlying idea of the macroeconomic coordination is the interdependency between econo…
Introduction The interaction between antidumping and antitrust is a polemic issue in every integration process for both legal and economic reasons. From a legal perspective, antidumping rules allow practices such as price undertakings and quantitative trade restrictions that are forbidden by competition law, and punish certain types of price differentiation that are justifiable under the antitrust rules. From an economic viewpoint, the two policies pursue different objectives that eventually may lead to conflicting situations. Antidumping is a trade remedy for industries injured by import comp…
Green coffee growers, most of whom are smallholders, have suffered from the significant volatility and fall in the international price of this commodity over the past decade. It is therefore crucial to understand the factors that drive price volatility, which has been studied extensively for other commodities but not for coffee. This study looks into the determinants of the conditional volatility of green coffee prices in three different markets: spot, futures and physical.…
Abstract
This paper attempts to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on the industrial structure and pattern of pollution emissions in Brazil. An input-output approach is used to estimate the value of production and potential pollution intensity estimates are undertaken using the industrial pollution projection system. We find that the aggregate intensity of pollutant emission has decreased for the whole industrial sector, but for the export sector, the pollution intensity has been increasing after trade liberalization.…
Los servicios modernos basados en el conocimiento, es decir, aquellos que utilizan alta tecnología y/o cuentan con mano de obra calificada que se requiere para incorporar las innovaciones tecnológicas, son fundamentales para promover la transformación productiva de las economías. El aporte de este tipo de servicios al desarrollo sostenible de los países será el centro de los debates del Foro Global de Servicios 2018, que se realiza el 13 y 14 de septiembre en Buenos Aires, Argentina.
El Foro, que se lleva a cabo de manera conjunta con el séptimo encuentro anual de la Red Latinoamericana y del …
El presente documento es una contribución de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) a los debates de la Segunda Reunión Ministerial del Foro de la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños (CELAC) y China, que se llevará a cabo el 22 de enero de 2018 en Santiago.
Su elaboración se basó en los principales temas abordados durante el Primer Foro Académico de Alto Nivel CELAC-China, realizado los días 17 y 18 de octubre de 2017 en la sede de la CEPAL en Santiago. En el documento se presenta una síntesis de las relaciones comerciales, financieras y de inversión entre …
The papers included in this book can be categorized into four main groups. First, we review the usefulness of CGE models for policymakers and discuss the relevance of this tool for international organizations and governments. The second group consists of five papers that assess trade integration scenarios for Latin American countries, with a particular focus not only on macroeconomic indicators but also on socio-economic and welfare variables. The third group of papers presents applications of CGE models in two new areas: climate change and liberalization of services. The final paper offers a …
This study examines the options for Caribbean countries in pursuing development of their agricultural sectors given the changes taking place in the international economy. The most significant of these changes is the liberalization of the trading regimes for primary agricultural products, in particular banana, by the European Union. This has serious implications for small Caribbean countries that rely on exports of one or a few commodities and are unable to compete in free markets. However,
countries could reposition their agricultural sectors to take advantage of
export niche markets and/or g…
Abstract This document provides an overview of trade relations between Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and explores the possibilities for expanding the modalities of economic relations between the two regions. The analysis covers 12 countries in Asia and Oceania and 11 members of the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA). Interregional cooperation in trade and investment has been on the agendas of countries in both regions for some time. It is often expressed that the present economic relations between the two regions do not reflect the potential for interregional trade and inve…
For many countries, the acceleration of integration into the global economy and multilateral trading system provides an opportunity to access a wider range of goods and services as well as export markets, increasing their economic incomes, and improving the welfare of the citizenry. In particular, preferential trade agreements tend to increase export market access opportunities for the agro-industrial products of developing countries.
While increased market access offers many opportunities for enhancing the economic growth of exporting countries, developing countries are often unable to seize…
In March 2010, negotiations aimed at enlarging the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (TPP) were launched. Nine countries from Asia, Oceania and the Americas currently participate in them. The United States, which in practice has assumed a leading role, has stated that this process has the ultimate goal of transforming the TPP in a platform for large-scale trans-Pacific economic integration. It has also expressed that the enlarged TPP should be a high-quality, 21st century agreement. For the current two Latin American participants (Chile and Peru), as well as for…
This article examines the effects of globalization on the trade unionmovement in developing countries (the South );. It concludes, first, thatglobalization has been asymmetrical: much further-reaching for tradein goods than for capital flows, weak for technology transfer and verylimited in migratory flows. Second, it examines the role and economicrepercussions of labour unions. It finds that, contrary to the orthodoxview, these have little negative impact on employment but do significantlyreduce wage inequalities. In view of the shift in the South since the 1980saway from developmen…
This survey provides an overview of the macroeconomic performance of countries of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee (CDCC) for the year 2006 and their outlook for 2007. The report consists of three chapters. The first one provides a regional analysis of the main economic indicators from a comparative perspective. The second chapter deals with two selected topics of particular relevance for the economic development of Caribbean countries, namely remittances and migration, and natural resources dependency. The last chapter presents country briefs with the main macroeconomic dev…
In the national innovation systems of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD);, countries' export performance is considered to be the measure of their international competitiveness. The national specificity of economic performance is shown by the stickiness of each country's export pattern and indicates how much room for manoeuvre there is in each case for economic development policy initiatives. The authors introduce an analysis of the export specialization patterns of the Central American countries. They follow the methodology of innovative Eur…
La presente publicación es un aporte de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en respuesta a la solicitud del Gobierno de México, al quinto Foro Ministerial del Arco del Pacífico Latinoamericano y complementa el informe previo presentado a la cuarta reunión de dicho foro celebrada en Santiago en octubre de 2008. Este documento tiene por objeto brindar a los gobiernos una perspectiva actualizada del impacto de la crisis financiera internacional, tanto en los países asiáticos como en los latinoamericanos, sus implicancias para los futuros vínculos económicos y comerci…