En cumplimiento de los mandatos contemplados en su programa de trabajo sobre el tema de las drogas, la División de Desarrollo Social de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL);, ha publicado una serie de documentos referidos, principalmente, al tema de la prevención.
En el presente trabajo se procurará analizar algunos aspectos de este tema desde un ángulo diferente: el de la reducción de la oferta.
La reducción de la oferta y disponibilidad de las drogas ilícitas implica acciones en el ámbito de la sustitución de cultivos y el desarrollo alternativo, así como distintos i…
En este texto se intenta hacer una aproximación al estudio de la estructura social con el objeto de ver cómo se reflejan en ella los cambios inducidos por la globalización. En primer lugar, se exponen algunas precisiones para mostrar cómo se ha abordado la comprensión de los procesos estratificadores. Con este fin, se presenta una interpretación histórica de los procesos en Centroamérica, privilegiando el desarrollo de la estructura socio-ocupacional, mostrando esa matriz histórica y las formas nacionales que ha asumido. El análisis anterior proporciona la contextualización para abordar los pr…
Factores tanto de la oferta (tendencias demográficas y educativas); como de la demanda (un sesgo en favor de las personas con mayores niveles educativos); hacían esperar que la posición relativa de los y las jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo mejorara durante los años noventa. Sin embargo, para las nuevas cohortes entrantes al mercado de trabajo la inserción laboral llegó a ser cada vez más difícil. Por otra parte, la situación laboral relativa de los y las jóvenes respecto a los adultos parece no haber cambiado mucho, de manera que el empeoramiento absoluto fue más que todo el resultado de la e…
Latin America has a long history of political violence that include civil wars; guerrilla movements, military intervention, coup d'état, terrorism and others form of violent confrontation. As conflict and terrorism (C-T) produces losses of human lives and destroy assets and property there is an obvious need for prevention and insurance against this kind of risk. Insurance can be provided by both the state and by the market. In countries subject to long and violent conflict there is need for direct provision of insurance and compensation to the victims of conflict and their families. Howe…
Position paper responsável pela sugestão da agenda positiva para o Encontro Internacional de Atração de Investimento Direto Externo, realizado em 2004, fundamentando-se nos seguintes tópicos: (i) apresentação de uma resenha dos trabalhos realizados recentemente no setor de fármacos no Brasil; (ii) detalhamento e análise do desempenho recente do setor, da estrutura das empresas (saída, entradas, fusões, novos investidores etc.), do comércio exterior, (balança comercial do setor, principais mercados, fornecedores internacionais etc.), e os principais pontos em debate no setor (demanda, po…
O conceito bem de capital é uma categoria importante para a análise econômica na medida em que representa a principal dimensão do investimento produtivo. A incorporação de bem de capital ao processo produtivo pode implicar na ampliação da capacidade da economia crescer, além do fato de que o bem de capital é portador de conhecimento, pois incorpora tecnologia. Desta forma, os bens de capital - máquinas e equipamentos - são considerados transmissores de progresso técnico para seus usuários. Conseqüentemente, o bem de capital tanto amplia a capacidade produtiva como viabiliza o aumento de produt…
In the third quarter of 2003, investors continued to favor riskier assets buoyed by abundant global liquidity, low interest rates in mature markets, strong economic growth (with low inflation), and improving credit quality. Credit spreads in emerging and Latin American markets narrowed in response, by 41 and 56 basis points, respectively, and are near historical lows in most emerging market countries. The EMBI+ index is well below its long run average, according to J.P Morgan. Issuers in emerging markets and Latin America benefited from the decline in spreads, as well as from the greater inter…
Access to Latin American and Caribbean Exports in the United States market, 2001-2002 is the eighth annual report released by the ECLAC Washington Office, updating information contained in previous reports. Its aim is to compile and make available information on trade inhibiting measures that Latin American and Caribbean exports encounter in the United States market. This report needs to be placed in the context of a trade relationship between the United States and Latin America and the Caribbean, which has grown strongly over the years to the benefit of both economies. Moreover, it must be …
This document provides an overview of the most relevant developments in United States trade policy relating to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2003. U.S. policy continued to promote trade liberalization through advancing negotiations on multiple fronts- globally (WTO), regionally (FTAA) and bilaterally (Chile and CAFTA)- with a view that the various negotiations are mutually reinforcing and seek to create a constructive competition for liberalization among trade partners. The Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provided an impetus to the signing and Congressional approval of bilateral free t…
Editorial Queremos dedicar este número del informativo de Redatam a nuestro gran amigo Serge Poulard, quien nos dejó en diciembre del 2003. El lanzamiento de la última versión de REDATAM -Redatam+SP (Super Power Special Programme - Serge Poulard) es, entonces, nuestro homenaje a él, su principal desarrollador en los últimos 10 años. Es muy difícil resumir en unas pocas líneas el inmenso significado que Serge tiene para el CELADE, sus compañeros de trabajo, sus amigos y todo el mundo de censos de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Claramente, uno solo se acerca a la superficie de la grandeza de tan ent…
From November 2001 to April 2003, the International
Monetary Fund grappled with a radical proposal, the
Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism, for handling the
external debt of insolvent governments of developing and
transition economies. That proposal was rejected, but new
collective action clauses that address some of the
difficulties in restructuring bond debt are being introduced.
In addition, IMF is developing a pragmatic and eclectic
approach to assessing debt sustainability that can be useful
to governments and creditors. However, many of the
problems in restructuring sover…
This article puts forth a hypothesis and a challenge.
The hypothesis: structural change in the international economy and in the management of public policy has brought about changes in economic performance, affected employment,
poverty, and equity and resulted in greater insecurity and
uncertainty. The challenge: coping with this insecurity and
uncertainty despite public policy's abandonment of its
historical role and the lack of success thus far of the new
approaches. This study points to the greater vulnerability
today stemming from the labour market as well as
asymmetries in trends in …
Social protection systems have to cope with large
discrepancies between the financing needed to cover demand
and the resources actually available. For this reason, it is
necessary for any reform proposal to include elements of
cost restraint as well as measures to increase the population
coverage of systems. Efficiency and solidarity must improve
together if progress is to be made towards universality of
benefits. Any reform strategy needs to consider not only the
financial constraints imposed by the macroeconomy, but also
the heavy drain on financial resources and the effects on the
fiscal ac…
Stable development and financing of the social protection
system, one of the priorities of fiscal policy in Chile over
recent years, has helped to reduce poverty and indigence,
particularly since the 1990s. The fiscal accounts have been
managed prudently, and budgetary balance and efficient
administration have been given priority over short-term
objectives. Even so, poverty is still a fact of life and the
poor are still vulnerable to drastic falls in income. This means
that an effort is still required to modernize fiscal policy and
develop new institutional arrangements for the social
protecti…
This article sets out to describe the main features of the new
farm legislation in the United States, assess the extent to
which it conforms to World Trade Organization (WTO); rules,
and provide a preliminary assessment of its impact on Latin
America. The article first looks at the new United States
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, identifying
the different mechanisms used to support the country's farm
producers. It then analyses that Act, referred to hereinafter
as the 2002 Farm Act, in the light of the rules established
and the commitments made in the Uruguay Round of the…
This article examines the long-run relationship between
export performance and economic growth in three Central
American countries from 1950 to 1999. Therefore, it
excludes the recent years of slowdown in the world economy,
2000-2002. The cointegration analysis supports the view that
the external sector has been a key determinant of these
countries' long-run rate of economic growth. The article also
suggests that the trade liberalization experiences seen since
the mid-1980s have had very disparate impacts on these
countries' long-run rates of economic growth. Lastly, the
implications…
For the last two decades, microfinance has ranked high on
the list of policy instruments for fighting poverty. Supporting
the creation of access to formal financial services for low-income
households holds out the promise of improving the
living conditions of poor families and fostering economic
development. Furthermore, it is claimed to be a very cost-effective
approach because some non-governmental
organizations (NGOs); that have been upscaled into
microbanks have shown that financial services can be offered
to low-income households while covering costs and even
earning a moderate profit. Re…
Resumen
Las acciones de la cooperación internacional en pos de la superación de la pobreza en América Latina y el Caribe requieren tener en cuenta la especificidad y las múltiples dimensiones que caracterizan la situación de los pueblos indígenas; entre ellas, la discriminación étnica y cultural es uno de los fenómenos constitutivos que, a su vez, reproduce las condiciones de marginación y exclusión social de los llamados pobres entre los pobres .
Para los gobiernos de nuestra región, la definición de políticas de desarrollo tendientes a disminuir la pobreza, mejorar la distribución…
Resumen
En esta publicación se examinan los datos sobre la inmigración en Chile a partir del XVII Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Vivienda realizado en 2002, incluyendo el procesamiento de los microdatos de la base de datos. Es un momento muy especial para muchos sectores interesados en la temática en Chile, por cuanto el fenómeno ha sido motivo de crecientes inquietudes y, en ocasiones, de debates, debido a que durante los años noventa se registró un aumento de la inmigración de origen principalmente limítrofe, como lo indicaban, de modo preliminar, el incremento de concesiones de residen…