América Latina en la industria global de software y servicios: una visión de conjunto

Tipo de cambio real competitivo, inflación y política monetaria

Este artículo plantea que en un régimen macroeconómico detipo de cambio real competitivo y estable (tcrce); el componentecambiario puede fomentar la inflación con los mismos mecanismos queestimulan altas tasas de crecimiento del producto interno bruto y delempleo; la presión tendrá que compensarse controlando la demandaagregada a través de las políticas fiscal y monetaria. Encuentra quela política monetaria en un régimen cambiario de ese tipo tiene ungrado de autonomía que puede ser utilizado para aplicar políticasmonetarias activas. Analiza hasta qué punto la política monetaria puedecontribui…

Estructura y competitividad de la industria brasileña de bienes de capital

En este artículo se analizan los cambios en la estructura ycompetitividad de la industria de bienes de capital brasileña desdecomienzos de los años 1990 y se propone una clasificación dentrode esta industria basada en los diversos segmentos industriales quedemandan máquinas y equipos. Aunque esta industria sigue pesandobastante en el valor agregado del sector manufacturero, la eficienciaproductiva y la competitividad internacional de los segmentos quela componen son bastante heterogéneas. El artículo destaca lossegmentos con mayor potencial de desarrollo y sugiere para cadauno de ellos medidas…

The competitive real exchange-rate regime, inflation and monetary policy

This article argues that in a stable and competitive real exchangerate(SCRER); macroeconomic regime, the exchange-rate component candrive up inflation through the very mechanisms that stimulate high rates ofgross domestic product and employment growth; to offset this pressure,fiscal and monetary policies will have to be used to control aggregatedemand. It finds that in an exchange-rate regime of this type, monetarypolicy has a degree of autonomy that can be exploited to apply activemonetary policies. It analyses the degree to which monetary policy canbe used to control aggregate demand and con…

The structure and competitiveness of the Brazilian capital goods industry

This article analyses changes in the structure and competitiveness ofthe Brazilian capital goods industry since the early 1990s and proposes aclassification within that industry based on the different industrial segmentsfrom which the demand for machinery and equipment derives. Althoughthis industry still accounts for a large share of manufacturing sector valueadded, the production efficiency and international competitiveness of thesegments it comprises are quite heterogeneous. The article singles out thesegments with the greatest development potential and suggests measuresthat could be taken …

The impact of the global financial crisis on Latin America

This essay argues that while the complete lack of liquiditycharacterizing the most severe phase of the financial crisis unleashedin September 2008 is now a thing of the past, lending and productionactivity in the industrialized countries are both contracting rapidly andthe financial system is still undercapitalized. Of all the external channelsthrough which the crisis has been transmitted to Latin America, the dropin remittances is the least important. The most widespread negative effectswill come from the decline in the volume of international trade and thesharp deterioration in the terms of …

Globalization and the new international trade environment

The combination of profound technological change and theemergence of powerful competitors such as China and the other briccountries has led to dramatic shifts in competitiveness and a tendencyfor production to be structured around global value chains. Against thisbackground, traditional protectionist threats have reappeared and othershave arisen in connection with new security requirements, private-sectorquality standards, good practices and climate change. These issues areintegral to the new competitive environment but could turn into protectionistbarriers in the absence of the right multilat…

Export diversification and growth in emerging economies

This paper develops and tests a model of growth that emphasizesthe introduction of new exports as the main source of growth in countriesthat are well within the global technology frontier and depend for growthon adapting existing products to their economic environment. It seeks tocapture the stylized facts behind growth in countries as different as theRepublic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, Mauritius, Finland, Chinaand Chile, all of which have relied on export diversification. The wideningof comparative advantage is thus seen as the main driver of economicgrowth. The export diversificatio…

Comentario a la presentação do Ricardo Hausmann "O futuro da estratégia de crescimento da América Latina"

Os paradigmas do desenvolvimento na história latino-americana

O futuro da estratégia de crescimento da América Latina

Comercio internacional: de bienes a servicios. Los casos de Costa Rica y México

Evolución reciente y retos de la industria manufacturera de exportación en Centroamérica, México y República Dominicana: una perspectiva regional y sectorial

Regional integration and public policy. Evaluation of the European experience and possible implications for Latin American integration

Effects of training on competitiveness in the manufacturing sector

This article examines the effect of training on competitiveness inthe manufacturing sector, drawing a distinction between industries withdiffering technological and productive characteristics. Using a systemicapproach, it studies activities within firms and the impact that traininghas on them, as well as the organizational and institutional environmentthat supports training and the effect of the latter on the locality as awhole. An analysis is performed at two levels. At the firm level (microanalysis);, econometric tools are used to study the manufacturing sectorin Mexico. At the regional leve…

Structural change and domestic technological capabilities

This paper examines the role of structural change as a source of economic growth and institutional and technological change. With the creation of new activities in the economy, significant changes occur in institutions and in the way domestic production capabilities are organized, which alters the ultimate sources of growth in society. This is a complex process that involves ubiquitous externalities and new forms of clustering and direct interdependence between economic agents that the language of modern growth theory cannot fully capture. Neoclassical growth models construe economic growth in…

Cambio estructural y capacidad tecnológica local

Este trabajo examina el papel del cambio estructural como fuente del crecimiento económico y del desarrollo institucional y tecnológico. Con la creación de nuevas actividades, la capacidad de organización productiva local y las instituciones experimentan cambios significativos, que alteran las fuentes esenciales de crecimiento de la sociedad. Se trata de un proceso complejo que entraña externalidades de todo tipo y nuevas formas de aglomeración e interdependencia directa entre actores económicos, que no puede comprenderse a cabalidad en el lenguaje de la teoría moderna del crecimiento. En los …

Industrial policy and development

This article examines some theoretical approaches in support of industrial policy in Brazil, with special emphasis on the neo-Schumpeterian/evolutionary approach. This approach is applied to the analysis of some satisfactory experiences in the field of industrial policy and economic development in Brazil up to the end of the 1970s, and some unsuccessful attempts in this field from the 1980s on. Lastly, it evaluates the industrial policy applied by the government in the 2003- 2006 period, noting that, in spite of some positive aspects -the emphasis on innovation, clear goals and a new instituti…

Política industrial y desarrollo

Este artículo examina algunos enfoques teóricos de apoyo a la política industrial de Brasil, haciendo hincapié en la perspectiva neoschumpeteriana/evolucionista. Aplica esa perspectiva al análisis de algunas experiencias satisfactorias de política industrial y desarrollo económico en Brasil hasta fines de la década de 1970, y de intentos fallidos en ese campo a partir del decenio de 1980. Por último, evalúa la política industrial del gobierno 2003-2006 y señala que, pese a algunos aspectos positivos —acento en la innovación, metas claras y una nueva organización institucional—, dicha política …

Efectos de la capacitación en la competitividad de la industria manufacturera