The millennium development goals and the challenges facing Latin America and the Caribbean in making progress towards higher levels of well-being, better human capital and more equal opportunities

This document takes up a number of the points raised in the 2005 report by ECLAC and other UN agencies on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides further discussion on the type of problems and challenges facing the region in five areas that are either included in the MDGs or closely related to them (poverty, hunger and child malnutrition, education, health and children). The document makes recommendations for the region's governments and countries in these five areas.…

Fiscal adjustment and social spending

The external and internal imbalances that appeared in the early 1980s, together with the adjustment and stabilization policies applied throughout that decade in Latin America, juxtaposed the need to reduce the fiscal deficit with the need to make up for the loss of income sustained by the most vulnerable groups of the population as a consequence of the external debt crisis. This article examines patterns of social expenditure in a number of countries in the region, in an effort to determine how these policies affected the level and composition of social spending and, hence, influenced social p…

Distributive impact of public policy

The chronic inequality that characterized Latin America and the Caribbean has its roots not only in the region’s history but also in a pattern of development and modernization that perpetuated the socio-economic gaps. Very recently, however, the region experienced a period of sustained growth between 2003 and 2008, in which the indicators of poverty, indigence and even concentration of income improved, breaking, although for a short period, the so-called “empty box” of Fernando Fajnzylber. It is well known that the state can promote greater social equity through more effective public policies.…

Productive development in open economies

Presentation The countries of the Latin American and Caribbean region have shown a keen and lasting interest in mechanisms of economic development and public policies for its promotion. This is a process in which ECLAC has been involved ever since it was founded over half a century ago. Today, the debate on these issues continues against the backdrop of a globalization process in which the remarkable dynamism of some dimensions -especially its economic, financial and cultural aspects- contrasts with the slow formation of an institutional network capable of coping with the increased interdepend…

Fiscal policy and social protection in Chile

Stable development and financing of the social protection system, one of the priorities of fiscal policy in Chile over recent years, has helped to reduce poverty and indigence, particularly since the 1990s. The fiscal accounts have been managed prudently, and budgetary balance and efficient administration have been given priority over short-term objectives. Even so, poverty is still a fact of life and the poor are still vulnerable to drastic falls in income. This means that an effort is still required to modernize fiscal policy and develop new institutional arrangements for the social protecti…

Automatic fiscal stabilizers

In this article, indicators of fiscal discretionality are estimated using a simple methodology, and in this way the cyclical component of the public accounts balance (i.e., the amounts of income and expenditure associated with transitory movements of the level of activity); is identified for a number of Latin American countries in the 1990s. The difference gives a measure of the discretional balance, which represents a medium-term indicator of the state of the public accounts. Budgetary rules which take account of these mechanisms not only ensure sustainability over time but also reduce the cy…

Brazil: an empirical study on fiscal policy transmission

This article sets out to empirically determine whether the ratiobetween debt and gross domestic product (GDP); affected real and nominalvariables such as the demand for money, the nominal interest rate,investment and the output gap, between January 1995 and March 2008.The specific aim is to identify fiscal-policy transmission channels and decidewhether this policy was active or passive in the period in question. Thestudy finds empirical evidence that fiscal policy was active and monetarypolicy passive -features that characterize a non-Ricardian model.…

CEPAL aboga por la igualdad como motor de desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe

(8 de mayo, 2015) La igualdad debe ser el motor del crecimiento económico y el desarrollo sostenible en América Latina y el Caribe, planteó Alicia Bárcena, Secretaria Ejecutiva de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), en la décima reunión sobre América Latina del Foro Económico Mundial (WEF, según sus siglas en inglés), que finaliza hoy en Cancún, México. La máxima representante de la CEPAL fue una de las expositoras en el panel From Poverty to Prosperity (De la pobreza a la prosperidad) realizado el jueves durante el evento que reúne a más de 750 líderes de gobierno, …

Ciclo económico y programas de compensación social

Reseña Este documento fue preparado por Américo Ibarra Larra y Gonzalo Martner Fanta, Consultores de la Unidad de Estudios Especiales de CEPAL, bajo el componente de Macroeconomía, equidad y seguridad social, del proyecto CEPAL/GTZ: Policy Strategies for Sustainable Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Promotion of a Socially Sustainable Economic Policy (GER/01/31) , que contó con el apoyo de la Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). Preparado como apoyo al documento La protección social de cara al futuro: Acceso, financiamiento y solidaridad pre…

Pactos para la igualdad: hacia un futuro sostenible

En todos los foros donde se analiza el futuro de América Latina y el Caribe suele repetirse, con diversos énfasis, la misma pregunta: ¿cómo puede la región sostener y ampliar los importantes avances económicos y sociales alcanzados en las últimas décadas en un contexto de desaceleración y alta volatilidad internacional como el actual? Aunque no se observan riesgos de crisis graves como las ocurridas en los años ochenta, finales de los años noventa e inicios de la década del 2000, la desaceleración parece anunciar escenarios futuros de menor crecimiento. Esto implica que el mercado de trabajo s…

Equity in the public budget

This article aims to make a walk-through in the virtual reality of budgetary and fiscal matters in order to identify the possible degrees of freedom to achieve a higher level of convergence between the public discourse on equity and the real content of public policies aimed at that goal. To this end, the author explores possible answers to four questions: what is the current meaning of the concept of equity; how much leeway is there in the field of taxation for expanding resources and improving vertical equity; what means are there for giving priority to the objective of equity in managing pub…

Fiscal policy and social protection

The inadequacies of social protection in Latin America and the Caribbean reveal a clear need for more active fiscal policies in this area. Although economic growth and decent employment are indispensable preconditions for social progress, the need for financing from public expenditure is ineluctable in the medium term. The present article examines three ways of achieving this objective. The first is to close the tax gap, since the fiscal burden is low in most Latin American and Caribbean countries. The second is to construct budgeting systems capable of removing rigidities and reallocating pub…

Report of the twenty-ninth session of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

Caribbean development report: Exploring strategies for sustainable growth and development in Caribbean small island States

The Third Caribbean Development Roundtable (23-24 April 2014) was held under the theme “Exploring strategies for sustainable growth and development in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS)”. The Roundtable focused on challenges faced in stimulating growth and creating a capacity for resilience among the Caribbean SIDS. The conference examined the continuing challenge of igniting robust growth in Caribbean Small States, and at the same time, mitigating structural and cyclical risks and uncertainty. The presentations made at the Roundtable can be placed under six themes which comprise …

Macroeconomic success and social vulnerability: lessons for Latin America from the Celtic Tiger

Abstract This paper uses a political economy approach to examine the nature and social impact of Ireland's economic 'miracle', namely the period of high economic growth known as the 'Celtic Tiger', which lasted from 1995 until 2000. Its principal purpose is to offer a broad and multifaceted reading of this period of Irish development, paying particular attention to the links between macroeconomic success and social vulnerability, in order to draw policy lessons for Latin America. The examination of the Celtic Tiger is prefaced by a brief introduction to some of the sa…

Sustainable bioenergy: a framework for decision makers

PrefacioEn nuestro primer documento, ONUEnergía se centró en El desafío de la Energía para Alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio . Señalamos que los servicios energéticos disponibles no han logrado satisfacer las necesidades de los más pobres del mundo, con 2.400 millones de personas que recurren a la biomasa tradicional para sus necesidades energéticas, y 1.600 millones sin acceso alguno a la electricidad. Los compromisos básicos para la gente pobre no se pueden alcanzar sin un enfoque mucho más centrado hacia los servicios energéticos.Al mismo tiempo, se ha visto un fuerte au…