Equity, development and citizenship

Costo económico de los delitos, niveles de vigilancia y políticas de seguridad ciudadana en las comunas del Gran Santiago

Resumen Entre 1997 y 1998, se observa, en el Gran Santiago, un aumento moderado de las tasas de delitos, donde lo más significativo es el incremento de los indicadores de robo con violencia. El costo económico de los delitos ascendió a 274 millones de dólares en 1998. El costo económico promedio por persona fue de $23.703. La oferta de servicios de vigilancia por comunas, varía entre 8.2 unidades de vigilancia policial equivalentes cada cien mil habitantes (UVEq);, en la comuna de El Bosque, y 75.9 UVEq en la comuna de Santiago, con un valor promedio para todo el Gran Santiago de 24.6 UVEq. Au…

The impact of public investment on private investment in Brazil, 1947-1990

This article analyses the impact of public investment on private investment. Apart from purely ideological aspects, two opposing interpretations may be distinguished with regard to the relationship between these variables. The first is that there is competition between public and private investment, so that the former crowds out the latter. The second is that public investment is complementary to private investment in so far that, by generating positive externalities, it creates favourable conditions for the latter. In view of the relative scarcity of empirical studies on this matt…

Honduras: políticas sociales, macroeconomía y base productiva

Income distribution, poverty and social expenditure in Latin America

Great social inequality has long been a frustrating feature of the economic development of Latin America, which has rightly been described as the region of the world with the highest levels of inequality of income distribution. Although the prevailing levels of poverty are lower than those typical of other parts of the developing world, they are still extremely high and, taking the region as a whole, are higher now than they were before the debt crisis. These are the conditions now confronting the new elements which have changed the economic and social dynamics of the region. Special mention m…

Military expenditure and development in Latin America

Public military expenditure (PME); has been analysed very little in the region, mainly for political reasons, which also limit access to the relevant information. Because of various events, however, it is beginning to be the subject of economic analysis both by governments and by multilateral bodies, especially with regard to its most appropriate level (how much is enough?);, its opportunity cost (what are its direct and indirect economic impacts?);, and its cost-effectiveness as a system of acquiring arms (what is its effect per monetary unit?);. According to the most conservative estimate, b…

Equity, foreign investment and international competitiveness

Is the degree of competitiveness of countries independent of their degree of inequality? Is competitiveness only a question of microeconomic and sectoral efficiency, of the real exchange rate, or is it also a social question? So far, the specialized literature has ignored the problem of equity in the determination of countries' competitiveness. It has then been unable to provide a full explanation of the competitiveness actually observed, however. In this article, equity is incorporated into the production function and also into investors' decisions in a world of perfect mobility of …

Distribución del ingreso, pobreza y gasto social en América Latina

La gran desigualdad social ha sido una característica frustrante del desarrollo económico latinoamericano. No en vano América Latina se ha caracterizado por ser la región del mundo con los más elevados índices de desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso. Los niveles de pobreza, aunque inferiores a aquellos típicos de otras partes del mundo en desarrollo, siguen siendo extremadamente elevados y, para el conjunto de la región, se encuentran hoy por encima de los niveles que se observaban antes de la crisis de la deuda. Estas son las condiciones que se enfrentan hoy a los nuevos elementos que h…

Gasto militar y el desarrollo en América Latina

El gasto público militar (GPM); se ha analizado poco en la región, principalmente por razones de orden político, las que también limitan el acceso a la respectiva información. Sin embargo, a raíz de diversos acontecimientos, empieza a ser objeto de análisis económico, tanto por los gobiernos como por los organismos multilaterales, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a cuál es su nivel apropiado (¿cuánto es suficiente?); y su costo de oportunidad (¿cuál es su impacto económico directo e indirecto?);, así como a un un sistema de adquisición de armamento que sea eficaz en relación con sus costos (¿c…

Equidad, inversión extranjera y competitividad internacional

¿Es el grado de competitividad de los países independiente de su grado de desigualdad? ¿Es la competitividad una cuestión sólo de eficiencia microeconómica y sectorial, del tipo de cambio real, o es también una cuestión social? Hasta ahora los trabajos que se encuentra en la literatura han hecho abstracción del problema de la equidad en la determinación de la competitividad de los países. Pero entonces no han podido explicar plenamente la competitividad observada. En este artículo se incorpora la equidad en la función de producción y también en las decisiones de los inversionistas en un mundo …

Guías para la evaluación del impacto ambiental de proyectos de desarrollo local: segunda versión ampliada

El pacto fiscal: fortalezas, debilidades, desafíos: síntesis = The fiscal covenant: strengths, weaknesses, challenges: summary

El pacto fiscal: fortalezas, debilidades, desafíos: síntesis = The fiscal covenant: strengths, weaknesses, challenges: summary

Best practices, policy convergence and the WTO trade-related investment measures

International experience shows that cost­free replication and adoption of industrial best practices on a universal basis is a misconception. Rather, it is a matter of a progressive and reciprocal adaptation between external and local practices in which learning costs and times, as well as the need for public and private cooperation, are essential. The potential for convergence of policies, practices and institutions triggered by globalization appears to be greater at the macroeconomic than at the microeconomic level. This article examines such issues in a general way and then focuses on the di…

Possible effects of European Union widening on Latin America

The pending widening of the European Union to the East has revived concerns in Latin America that Europe may become more inward­looking. However, booming trade and foreign direct investment (FDI); relations between current EU members and Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs); are unlikely to harm Latin America. Trade patterns suggest that Latin America's exports to the EU are complementary to the exports of the CEECs. Moreover, the recent surge of FDI flows to various host countries, including several Latin American economies, indicates that new investment opportunities in CEECs …

Efectos para América Latina de la expansión de la Unión Europea

La inminente extensión de la Unión Europea hacia el este ha reavivado la inquietud en América Latina por la posibilidad de un mayor aislacionismo en Europa. Sin embargo, es difícil que perjudique a América Latina el auge de las relaciones en materia de comercio e inversión extranjera directa entre los miembros actuales de la Unión Europea y los países de Europa central y oriental. Por su composición, parece que las exportaciones de América Latina a la Unión Europea complementan las de los países de Europa central y oriental. Además, la masiva afluencia reciente de inversión extranjera directa …

Licitación de proyectos de infraestructura: pautas metodológicas

Empresas transnacionales, procesos de reestructuración industrial y políticas económicas en América Latina

Equity in the public budget

This article aims to make a walk-through in the virtual reality of budgetary and fiscal matters in order to identify the possible degrees of freedom to achieve a higher level of convergence between the public discourse on equity and the real content of public policies aimed at that goal. To this end, the author explores possible answers to four questions: what is the current meaning of the concept of equity; how much leeway is there in the field of taxation for expanding resources and improving vertical equity; what means are there for giving priority to the objective of equity in managing pub…

Trade openness and structural change in the Brazilian motor industry

This article aims to classify and analyze the efforts at structural change made in the Brazilian motor industry between 1990 and 1996, seeking to relate them with the economic policy measures which had most impact on the sector. The study begins by examining the explosive increase in domestic demand for motor vehicles, its determining factors, and its main implications, especially the achievement of efficient scales of production and the initiation of a wave of investments which has been further intensified in the last three years. It goes on to study the increase in the technological dynamism…