En este artículo se sostiene que la pobreza tiene carácter
multidimensional y que el modo como se la define determina tanto las
formas de medirla como las políticas para superarla. Tras pasar revista
a diferentes definiciones, se señala que hay cierto consenso en que la
pobreza es la privación de los activos y oportunidades esenciales a los
que tienen derecho todos los seres humanos; se examinan conceptos
relacionados con la pobreza, como los de vulnerabilidad, desigualdad,
marginalidad, exclusión y discriminación, y se analizan las formas específicas que adquiere la pobreza desde una perspect…
Resumen
Este documento contiene un diagnóstico sobre los instrumentos de crédito para la vivienda disponibles en ocho países de América Latina: Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú y República Dominicana. Se han considerado los aspectos institucionales y operativos, así como la evolución reciente de su aplicación. También se abordan conceptualmente las interrelaciones entre los mercados primarios y secundarios de hipotecas, y los progresos en la implementación de operaciones de securitización. Sobre esta base, se formulan recomendaciones de política para desarrollar los …
Este artículo examina dos procesos que están afectando las características
de la pobreza en la ciudad de Montevideo: el debilitamiento
de los vínculos de los trabajadores menos calificados con el mercado de
trabajo y la creciente concentración de esos trabajadores en barrios con
alta densidad de pobreza. Los resultados, si bien están lejos de ser
concluyentes, sugieren la conveniencia de investigar más a fondo la
relación entre las transformaciones en la morfología social de las ciudades
y la segmentación de sus mercados de trabajo. De corroborarse las
tendencias a una polarización creciente e…
En este artículo los autores estiman los cambios en las oportunidades
absolutas y relativas de acceso a los estratos altos de la estructura
social y ocupacional urbana en México, basándose en datos de la mayor
encuesta retrospectiva de movilidad social que se aplica en el país
y que comprende las ciudades mayores y algunas medianas. Analizan
la movilidad intergeneracional en tres períodos: antes de 1982, de 1982
a 1988 y de 1988 a 1994. Los resultados muestran una caída notable de
las oportunidades de acceso al estrato de profesionales, funcionarios y
grandes patronos. Esta caída no es lineal,…
This article examines the role of the State, institutions and financial markets in the financing of economic development, and in particular the role of development banks. It touches on the limitations of today's conventional approach to development financing problems. It stresses information asymmetries as a cause of credit rationing and the poor distribution of savings. It also offers an analysis of the role of the State and markets in development financing, together with a policy agenda suggested by the different approach set forth here. It concludes with
some considerations concerning …
The capacity of political regimes to formulate and implement
policies in the common interest appears to be a crucial factor of
development. Public institutions in Latin America are often characterized by a lack of common interest orientation. As a result, most countries of the region are ill-prepared to meet the challenges of global market integration and knowledge-based development. Two approaches have been particularly influential in linking institutions to economic development: the good governance approach, originally put forward by the World Bank, and the systemic competitiveness approach …
First World priorities and the need for nations to coexist in harmony have given rise in each period to a set of rules constituting the international economic order. This is a shifting order, in which national goals move alternatively towards and away from those of an international nature. The objective of the gold standard was to uphold monetary convertibility, if necessary at the expense of national objectives. By contrast, the Bretton Woods system inverted the terms of the equation by making governments responsible for employment and growth. The
monetary pendulum is now swinging back again,…
This article argues that the local and regional governments of Latin America, in an increasingly globalized world, must face new challenges that include establishing or improving their competitive strengths and transforming their local production systems. These two aspects must be linked to territorial policies and, more specifically, to the development of a territorial culture that embraces both. While it is true that enterprises are the ones that actually compete, their competitiveness may be enhanced if the territorial environment encourages this dynamic and if they themselves realize the i…
This article holds that poverty is multidimensional in nature, and
that the ways to measure it and the policies to fight it are determined by how it is defined. After reviewing various definitions, the article notes that there is some consensus that poverty means the deprivation of the basic assets and opportunities to which all human beings are entitled; it
examines concepts related to poverty, such as vulnerability, inequality, marginality, exclusion and discrimination, and analyses specific forms of gender-based poverty. It then discusses the link between the definitions of poverty and some…
On the basis of a study on mortgage loan options available in
eight Latin American countries, this article identifies two pending tasks for most of the countries: the need to make long-term funds available to mitigate the risk of a mismatch of maturities and rates, and the need to harmonize profitability criteria for lenders with the criterion of access to credit for the low-income population. The paper recommends the creation of linkages between the housing finance market and the capital market through secondary mortgage markets, for which the housing
finance market must use instruments other…
This article looks at two processes that are affecting the
characteristics of poverty in the city of Montevideo: the weakening of lower-skilled workers' attachments to the labour market and the growing concentration of such workers in neighbourhoods with a high density of poverty. While far from conclusive, the results suggest the advisability of further research into the relationship between changes in the social morphology of cities and the segmentation of their labour markets. If further research confirms both a tendency towards growing polarization in the spatial distribution of socia…
This article assesses changes in absolute and relative
opportunities of access to the upper strata of the urban social and
occupational structure in Mexico, drawing on data from the largest
retrospective social mobility survey carried out in the country, which
covers all the largest cities and some medium-sized ones. It analyses intergenerational mobility in three periods: before 1982, from 1982 to 1988, and from 1988 to 1994. The results show a striking decline in opportunities of access to the stratum of professionals, managers and executives and large employers. This decline has not been li…
A particularly crucial issue.In the context of the Millennium Development Goals, we dedicate this second edition of Challenges to the issue of child malnutrition in Latin America and the Caribbean.Likewise, the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, as Chief of State and Paediatritian, sets forth arguments calling on governments and citizens to mobilize for children's rights to adequate nutrition.…
La edición 2004 del Anuario estadístico de América
Latina y el Caribe contiene una selección de las
principales series estadísticas sobre la evolución
económica y social de los países de la región. Representa
un esfuerzo de la División de Estadística y Proyecciones
Económicas de la CEPAL, orientado a homogeneizar
las cifras y a hacerlas internacionalmente comparables. La primera parte comprende indicadores socioeconómicos
derivados (tasas de crecimiento, proporciones
o coeficientes), que representan una visión resumida de
cada área de interés y que constituyen antecedentes para
que la informac…
La edición 2004 del Anuario estadístico de América
Latina y el Caribe contiene una selección de las
principales series estadísticas sobre la evolución
económica y social de los países de la región. Representa
un esfuerzo de la División de Estadística y Proyecciones
Económicas de la CEPAL, orientado a homogeneizar
las cifras y a hacerlas internacionalmente comparables. La primera parte comprende indicadores socioeconómicos
derivados (tasas de crecimiento, proporciones
o coeficientes), que representan una visión resumida de
cada área de interés y que constituyen antecedentes para
que la informac…
This work attempts to assemble and synthesize some results of the first phase (2000-2003) of the REDIMA project implemented in Latin America by ECLAC in cooperation with the European Commission, which provided technical support as well as co-financing for the project. REDIMA is the acronym of the Spanish and Portuguese name of the Macroeconomic Dialogue Network (Red de Diálogo Macroeconómico), which was conceived and implemented in the three main subregions of Latin America between the end of 2000 and end of 2003 by the ECLAC- United Nations headquarters in Santiago, Chile. This volum…
La presente edición del Boletín se basa en el estudio Liberalización comercial agrícola con costos de transporte y transacción elevados: evidencia para América Latina, LC/L.2232-P, Serie Desarrollo Productivo No 160, diciembre del 2004. El citado estudio reúne evidencia sugiriendo que, tanto la magnitud como la naturaleza de los efectos de la liberalización comercial del sector agrícola en los países de América Latina, dependen crucialmente de los costos de transporte y de transacciones asociados a la ubicación de compradores y proveedores en el espacio físico, y que aquellos afectan de forma …