This article presents the characteristics and situation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in a number of Latin American countries. First of all, it considers the most common definitions used in each country and establishes the number of enterprises in each category, together with their sectoral and regional distribution. It then analyses the influence that the business environment has on the management of enterprises, their problems and the public response, with consideration given to the degree of institutional development in the region and the impact of this on business behaviour.…
A potential threat to the effectiveness of institutions in Latin America promoting small and medium-sized enterprise (SME); development is that these programmes might become clientelistic agencies, advancing interests other than the welfare of the SMEs themselves. As governments in Latin America have adopted more market-oriented policies, however, government institutions in the region that promote SMEs are undergoing a similar transformation. Our hypothesis is that two factors, the extent to which an institution has adopted market-oriented practices and its degree of autonomy (both from govern…
This paper analyses the role assigned to foreign direct investment and transnational corporations in the ECLAC development project, examining the history of the institution and its most representative publications. With impressive continuity in its vision and policy recommendations, ECLAC has recognized the need for foreign investment as an aid for Latin American development, but has been cautious about its consequences. ECLAC has continually called for close scrutiny and regulation of the activities of transnational corporations. The main idea underlying these recommendations is that Latin Am…
The author argues that the effectiveness of poverty alleviation instruments largely depends on how poverty is defined. The aim of reducing absolute poverty chiefly entails a discussion of growth, historically the main factor in this process. If poverty is defined in relative terms, on the other hand, then it is changes in inequality that are the main factor behind variations in its incidence. In any event, the relationship between the two potential sources of poverty reduction is crucial. This article summarizes the growth and distribution implications of growth-oriented policies in the first …
Despite the reforms undertaken by several countries in Latin America, the coverage of the region's pension systems remains inadequate. Underlying that circumstance are both context-sensitive factors and those of a more structural nature, such as the level of relative development, the difficulty of covering certain segments of the labour market, and the way in which the systems and incentives are designed. Given the decisive influence of the structural factors, the expansion of coverage will require the right combination of contributory and non-contributory systems, to which end this artic…
This study presents the initial findings of a household survey dealing with the effects of the Argentine economic crisis on welfare. It also seeks to identify the coping mechanisms and strategies adopted by households in these difficult times. The results obtained confirm the negative image reflected in the macroeconomic indicators, identify the limitations of the different coping mechanisms and reveal serious effects on welfare. The evidence suggests that the effects on the use of health services have been more marked than those on the use of education services.…
This paper sets out to analyse the determinants of recent foreign bank investments in the Brazilian retail banking market and the strategies of the major European banks in Brazil. Since the recent wave of banking internationalization, financial institutions have continued to pursue their existing relationships while seeking greater integration into local markets. The recent influx of European banks into Latin America and Brazil, meanwhile, has been due to a varied range of factors, including bank restructuring in Europe, the dynamic of internationalization in the Spanish banking system and the…
There was a time when tram services were critical to public transport in many of the largest cities of Latin America; however, trams disappeared about fifty years ago, for a number of reasons. They are back now, especially in the cities of the more developed world, in a modern version usually known as light rail transit. Latin America has developed its own concept of urban mass transit, namely, high-capacity buses operating in special lanes as an integral component of the overall mass transit system. As a general rule, this Latin American solution seems to be the best suited to the needs of …
Una vez, el transporte público en casi todas las principales ciudades de América Latina dependía críticamente de servicios de tranvía, los que se extinguieron hace unos cincuenta años, por una serie de razones. Ahora, especialmente en las ciudades del mundo más desarrollado, regresa el tranvía, en una versión moderna, conocida generalmente como light rail transit. Sin embargo, en América Latina se ha desarrollado un concepto autóctono de servicio urbano de transporte masivo de pasajeros, en la forma de buses de alta capacidad que transitan por vías exclusivas, de una manera integrada con el r…
Our Caribbean civilisation has been very much shaped by the sea. The evidence of this in our region abounds from time immemorial: the peopling of our Caribbean; its trading; its economy and commerce, ancient and modern; its daily living and eating; its culture and its thinking. All these facets of life and production have been moulded, even determined, by the sea. Yet, strangely our Caribbean civilisation has yet to reflect in public policy the real value and significance of the sea which joins us all. To be sure, each country in the region has its own ministry of fisheries but each m…
The fourth quarter of 2002 saw an increase in investor optimism, especially in October and November. The combination of declining risk aversion and a technically well-positioned market caused a rally in emerging debt markets. In Latin America, markets traded strongly following the elections in Brazil and Ecuador. Brazil enjoyed a dramatic improvement in investor sentiment after the elections, supported by the new government's commitments to continue fiscal and economic reforms, as well as the global easing of credit conditions . Although sovereign spreads remained wide, Brazilian borrower…
This document analyses exchange rate regimes in the Caribbean subregion. Caribbean
exchange rate regimes are typified into hard and soft pegs. Hard pegs refer to those
arrangements that maintain a constant value of the domestic currency in terms of the
currency of a major trading partner. The Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS);
economies established a monetary union in 1983. The Bahamas, Belize and Barbados also
fixed the value of their domestic currency in relation to the United States dollar in the
middle of the 1970s. Soft pegs are monetary arrangements characterized by a force…
The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development are analyzed from a systems perspective. In the most general terms, sustainability of any system can be represented by a non-decreasing valuation function of the outputs of interest of the system considered.
Different perspectives on the system of reference are discussed, from the extreme anthropocentric to the extreme bio- or ecocentric positions, and related to the criteria (based on the assumed substitutability between natural and manufactured capital); of very strong, strong, weak, and very weak sustainability.
A set of underlying …
En este documento se presenta un panorama de los problemas principales que enfrentan las PYME en materia ambiental en Chile. A manera de diagnóstico, se identifican las necesidades de bienes y servicios ambientales de este sector productivo, tanto en lo que respecta a los sectores de mayor incidencia, como a las regiones y los municipios afectados. Igualmente, se analiza el contexto regulatorio e institucional que afecta la operación de las PYME en el país; y cómo este contexto facilita o dificulta el logro de una mejor relación entre las PYME y el medio ambiente. Dos aspectos que condiciona…
En los últimos quince años, como resultado de desafíos provenientes de diversos sectores y varias crisis, Brasil ha sufrido importantes transformaciones estructurales que han tenido repercusiones significativas en el plano institucional. Fueron muchos los factores que llevaron a esas alteraciones. Entre ellos cabe mencionar el proceso de redemocratización, que se aceleró a lo largo del decenio de 1980, y los límites estructurales a que llegó la industrialización protegida llevada adelante por el Estado. La situación se agravó por efecto de las transformaciones tecnológicas y la reorganización …