Resumen Este texto presenta los fundamentos teóricos y conceptuales de la tributación ambiental. Examina primero las relaciones entre la gestión macroeconómica y el control ambiental. La ambigüedad de estas relaciones determina la necesidad de intervenciones microeconómicas de acuerdo a los precios y costos ambientales. La política fiscal constituye el principal instrumento para trasladar las preocupaciones de carácter macro al ámbito micro. Se analiza entonces la propuesta de tributación ambiental de la reforma tributaria en discusión en el Congreso Nacional de Brasil. Finalm…
Summary This paper analyzes the impact of globalization on developing countries over the last several decades. The first section examines the components and mechanisms of globalization. The second turns to financial globalization –considered to be the most important aspect of a multifaceted process– and looks in more detail at the changing trends in finance for developing countries. The third analyzes the impact of the new pattern of finance in terms of growth, equity, and government autonomy. The concluding section offers policy recommendations for making globalization a more positiv…
Abstract The financial crisis of 1994-1995 sounded a wake-up call to Latin America, indicating that regulation and supervision needed to be strengthened substantially. Since then, important steps have been taken to set rules and ensure their implementation, but financial regulation and supervision do not take place in a vacuum. On the one hand, they must be consistent with domestic macroeconomic policies, and they need a supportive macroeconomic environment in which to operate. On the other hand, they have to take into account the new international rules being proposed by multilate…
En los años noventa, los mercados de trabajo de la región se caracterizaron por la presencia simultánea de procesos de inclusión y exclusión laboral. Estos procesos se concentraron en las ramas de actividad del sector terciario, que aportaron entre un 85% y un 90% de los nuevos puestos de trabajo. A pesar de lo elevado de estos porcentajes, se ha investigado poco respecto al empleo en actividades del sector terciario en comparación con los demás sectores. En este trabajo se pretende profundizar el conocimiento existente sobre los procesos simultáneos de inclusión y exclusión lab…
Abstract This paper describes trends in economic growth and its causes in several Latin American countries in the 20th century. In the explanatory scheme, a distinction is made between 'proximate' and 'ultimate' causes of economic growth. Proximate causes are those areas of causality where models and quantification is possible, whereas ultimate causes are much more difficult to quantify. Some elements in the realm of the ultimate causes (like institutions and income distribution) will be analysed in an historical perspective and others, especially total factor p…
Resumen
El
presente documento se dirige a los expertos latinoamericanos involucrados en la
definición de las políticas macroeconómicas de sus respectivos países.
Apunta a entregar las bases necesarias para plantear aspectos específicos de la
problemática de coordinación de las políticas entre países soberanos en un
mundo en proceso de globalización y sometido a creciente incertidumbre. Por
construcción, se queda muy incompleto y se propone entregar posiciones claras a
partir de un análisis personal del autor en base a sus propias experiencias
profesionales. El objetivo buscado es provocar re…
Abstract In the last two centuries (1800-2000) the world has seen an unprecedented increase in the capacity to create material wealth and undergo technical change. At the same time, this is also a period of large disparities in income per head, living standards across (and within) countries and regions of the world. Large inequalities can eventually undermine global integration and social stability thus hampering long run growth prospects and the legitimacy of globalization. Global inequalities reflect both inequalities across nations, driven mainly by divergences in economic per…
Resumen La experiencia argentina presenta especial interés debido a que las reformas energéticas puestas en ejecución, especialmente en el sector eléctrico, suelen presentarse como modelo exitoso a seguir por otros países de la región. Sin embargo, casi no existen trabajos que realicen un análisis comprehensivo y específico de las condiciones de contexto en el que se enmarcó ese proceso y sobre su desempeño desde la culminación del proceso de reforma. De acuerdo con ello, los propósitos principales del análisis de este trabajo se vinculan con: i) las características de la reforma del sistema …
Resumen Este volumen recoge la versión revisada y sintetizada de las presentaciones efectuadas en el Seminario Regional Hacia la institucionalización del enfoque de género en las políticas económico-laborales en América Latina , realizado en la Sede de la CEPAL en Santiago, Chile, los días 12 y 13 de junio de 2001. Este Seminario Regional, organizado por la Unidad Mujer y Desarrollo de la CEPAL, forma parte de las actividades del Proyecto CEPAL-GTZ Institucionalización del enfoque de género en la CEPAL y Ministerios Sectoriales y contó con el apoyo del Fondo de las Naciones U…
Esta publicación contiene las ponencias, comentarios, conclusiones y reseña del panel final del Simposio sobre Migración Internacional en las Américas, celebrado en septiembre de 2000 en San José de Costa Rica. La reunión contó con la decisiva participación y contribución de representantes gubernamentales, especialistas en el estudio de la migración internacional, delegados de organizaciones de la sociedad civil y expertos de organizaciones internacionales. El libro se ordena de acuerdo a los cinco grandes temas en que se dividieron las sesiones: I); tendencias y patrones migratorios en las Am…
This publication contains the presentations, comments, conclusions and final panel review of the Symposium on International Migration in the Americas, held in September 2000 in San José, Costa Rica. The event attracted enthusiastic participation and contributions from government representatives, specialists in the study of international migration, delegates from civil society organizations and experts from international agencies. The book is structured to match the five broad topics into which the sessions were divided: (i) Migratory trends and patterns in the Americas; (ii) Relations between …
Introduction The social agenda is long-term in nature, in the sense that poverty alleviation along with a better distribution of income, wealth and opportunities are long-term goals. A sound macroeconomic policy, on the other hand, has to do largely with the consistent management of short-term policy instruments pursuing a sustainable and predictable pace for aggregate economic variables and major prices (wages, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates). In spite of the different arena and rationale in which they play, there are strong links between the two. First and most obvious,…
This document contains an analysis of and statistics on the economic performance of the region as a whole and of individual Latin American and Caribbean countries in 2001.
Regional output grew at a very slow pace (0.5%) in 2001 and growth prospects for 2002 are not promising. This situation is directly linked to the global economic crisis, which is affecting the region primarily through trade channels in the midst of unstable world financial markets. Given the scope of these adverse external factors, however, the region's economies succeeded in averting serious domestic or external disequ…
En esta publicación se hace un análisis de la evolución de la economía
regional en el año 2001, desde una perspectiva comparativa e individual por países.
En él se consigna que la fuerte desaceleración que ha mostrado la economía
mundial truncó la recuperación iniciada en 2000 en los países de la región
y, con ella, las esperanzas de que se diera paso a una etapa de crecimiento en
América Latina y el Caribe.
El producto regional creció apenas (0.5%); y las perspectivas de crecimiento
para el 2002 no son alentadoras. Esta situación está directamente vinculada
con la crisis económica mundial, qu…
Prebisch arrived at ECLA for the first time in 1949, to
write a report in which he set out his views on the main
problems then facing the economic development of
Latin America (Prebisch, 1949);. As he had been hired
as an outside consultant, he did not receive the support
of other members of the institution in its preparation,
nor did he have much time at his disposal, so that the
report was a reflection of the ideas he already held prior
to joining ECLA. As the content of that work made a
great impact on academic and political circles in the
region and came to be considered one of the basic p…
Introduction (first paragraph);
When Raúl Prebisch died in 1986 his ideas were out of fashion in Ronald Reagan's Washington and Latin American capitals, dismissed by most Western economists as passé -or even dangerously misguided in the new crusade for globalization. Only United Nations circles and a narrowing band of supporters insisted on his permanent contribution. It was as if his life had merely reflected the turbulence of the short, violent century (as Hobsbawn termed it);; now that it was over, with the Cold War consigned to history, so too (it appeared); was Prebisch&#…
In its most orthodox version, neoclassical economic theory has occupied a leading place in Latin American economic policy discussions in recent years. According to this doctrine, the market mechanisms -if allowed to operate in complete freedom- allocate production resources in the most efficient manner possible. Any interference by State policy with this allocation will lead to loss of efficiency and a reduction in the growth rate of the economy compared with the optimum level that could be obtained through the free play of the market forces. The virtues of the main body of this economic theor…
This article puts forward an interpretation of development as a process of accumulation of technological and social capabilities dependent upon taking advantage of successive and different windows of opportunity. These windows are determined from the core countries, through the technological revolutions which occur every half-century and the four phases of their deployment. The possibilities of progressing at each opportunity depend on the achievements made in the previous phase, on identifying the nature of the next one, understanding the techno-economic paradigm of the revolution in question…
This article seeks to analyse some mesoeconomic and microeconomic aspects related with productivity and international competitiveness in the context of the new Latin American economic model. These aspects go a long way towards explaining why those variables have not evolved satisfactorily in the different countries and sectors of activity, and why a strictly macroeconomic reading prevents a proper understanding of the changes which are taking place in society at the economic, technological and institutional levels, as well as impeding the identification of a public policy agenda which could he…
The influence of economic growth on numerous aspects of the economy and society is a frequently recurring topic among economists, especially at present, when profound economic and social transformations are under way in most of the countries of the region, while simultaneously there is an awareness that there are great shortcomings in terms of income distribution and that a high percentage of the population is in a state of poverty. A strong desire therefore exists to determine the capacity of economic growth to cope with those problems. This article begins by placing the issue in a conceptual…