Este artículo pasa revista a diversas modificaciones en la economía regional y su efecto en la estratificación social, y analiza las posibilidades de acción política de los distintos sectores sociales. Diversas transformaciones en el terreno económico han modificado la tradicional heterogeneidad de la economía latinoamericana y la significación relativa de los distintos sectores de la economía, lo que se refleja, por ejemplo, en la nueva importancia de la agroindustria y la penetración recíproca del sector de los servicios y el sector productivo. Actualmente se acepta una diferenciación genéri…
For those of us who shared many years of friendship and professional collaboration with Pedro Vuskovic, the news of his recent death in Mexico has been the cause of great sorrow, not only because of the circumstances of his death, following a cruel disease that gradually sapped his physical -but not intellectual- strength, but also because it signifies the loss of a great Latin American, of a teacher who helped shape so many generations of young people in our region, and of a companion during so many days of intellectual strivings and political struggle. Pedro joined the Commission in 1950, sh…
The renewed interest sparked by the potential for intraregional cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean today has been reflected in numerous agreements regarding trade preferences and in attempts to establish free trade areas, customs unions or common markets. The possibility has even been discussed of setting up free trade arrangements on a hemispheric scale. This plethora of proposals inevitably raises a great many questions. What is the reason for this renewed interest? Are the differences between the schemes of today and those of the 1960s and 1970s significant enough to avert the o…
A major shift has been observed in the development strategies of most of the Latin American countries in recent years. One sign of this change has been that the countries have increased the neutrality of their trade policy incentives in an effort to give greater priority to the market as a resource-allocation mechanism; it is also hoped that this will result in a more export-oriented production apparatus. The authors review these changes and, in assessing the results to date and the consistency of these policy packages, contend that their impact in terms of economic growth and changing product…
The import-substitution strategy was entirely justified in the 1930s and continued to make sense until the late 1950s, so long as export opportunities were being dampened by the Great Depression, the Second World War and the reconstruction of Europe. From the 1960s on, however, it afforded diminishing returns as international trade burgeoned. During the 1980s, the macroeconomic instability caused by the debt crisis compounded the problems associated with this development strategy, which had begun to become apparent in the 1970s. Evidence to this effect was provided by the region's declini…
This article highlights the need to complement macroeconomic policies designed to secure stabilization, deregulation and greater openness with other macroeconomic and microeconomic measures aimed at revitalizing the growth and competitiveness of the countries of the region. At the national level, in terms of macroeconomic measures, it is necessary to increase domestic saving and channel it towards productive investments within the local context, while microeconomic policy should include measures to develop and consolidate in the countries an innovative, wide-ranging system for furthering chang…
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on stabilization policies in conditions of high inflation in the light of the experience of Brazil and some other countries, especially the European monetary crises of the 1920s and the stabilization of the Argentine currency in 1991/1992. The paper begins with some comments on certain special features of situations of high inflation, with emphasis on the unfeasibility of following the sequence of measures recommended for dealing with only moderate imbalances. It goes on to criticise some aspects of the economic policy adopted in Brazil …
The financing of a State's sub-national levels of government, in federal and other systems alike, is an instrument of decentralization; first, each State has to decide what area of responsibility to assign to each governmental level and then it must design a suitable financing mechanism. If these sub-national governments' degrees of fiscal and administrative autonomy are not kept in alignment, then eventually the initiative may fail as the bodies at these levels gradually lose decision-making power within their sphere of responsibility. It is unlikely that sub-national levels of gove…
Concern about the international migration of skilled human resources has traditionally focused on migratory flows to industrialized countries, i.e., about what has come to be known as the brain drain . There are, however, migratory movements of this segment of the labour force within the region as well. This horizontal migration is analysed briefly in the present article; in so doing, the author reviews its causes, possible implications, the characteristics of these flows of skilled migrants, and the relationship between what is to be observed in some countries and the o…
The poverty and weakness of Central America, combined with its potential strategic importance in world politics, have made this region extremely vulnerable to external intellectual and political influences. The result of these influences has been national political processes guided by European notions of Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism, and a social sciences tradition that is trapped in the intellectual ethos of its mid-nineteenth century European precursors. This article argues that the Eurocentric theoretical orientation dominating Central American social sciences ignores the fact tha…
Sociology's contribution to our understanding of the Latin American development process has been closely linked to studies on the social structure and stratification of the region and to analyses and interpretations of the various social groups' characters and behaviour. This investigative effort has been directed towards ascertaining the specific forms taken by the structure of social groups and classes in the regi n, since it had been postulated that these traits -which are an inherent part of Latin America- were determinants of the patterns which the development process would foll…
This article provides an overview of a number of changes that have taken place in the region's economy, together with their effects in terms of its social stratification, and analyses the different social sectors' options for political action. A series of economic changes have altered both the traditional heterogeneity of the Latin American economy and the relative weight of its various sectors; this is reflected, for example, 9n the heightened importance of agribusiness and the reciprocal penetration of the services and production sectors. Today a generic distinction between i…
Para quienes compartimos con Pedro Vuskovic una experiencia de amistad y colaboración profesional a lo largo de muchos años, la noticia de su fallecimiento en México nos ha provocado un sentimiento de profundo pesar. No sólo por las circunstancias mismas de su muerte, al cabo de una cruel enfermedad que fue minando gradualmente su capacidad física -aunque no la intelectual- sino por la pérdida de un latinoamericano de gran valía, de un maestro formador de numerosas generaciones de jóvenes de nuestro continente, y del compañero de tantas jornadas de lucha intelectual y política. Pedro ingresó a…
Las estrategias de desarrollo de la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos han experimentado un vuelco notable en los últimos años. Este vuelco se ha traducido en una creciente neutralidad de los incentivos que se otorgan en la aplicación de la política comercial, con el objetivo de dar prioridad al mercado como mecanismo asignador de recursos y con la expectativa de que oriente en mayor medida al aparato productivo hacia las exportaciones. Este artículo reseña tales cambios y, al hacer una evaluación de los resultados ya obtenidos, y de la coherencia de las políticas, señala que su impacto so…
La estrategia de sustitución de importaciones estuvo plenamente justificada en los años treinta y continuó teniendo sentido hasta fines de los años cincuenta, mientras las posibilidades de exportar estaban frenadas por la gran crisis, la segunda guerra mundial y la reconstrucción de Europa. Pero a partir de los años sesenta tuvo rendimientos decrecientes en el marco de una extraordinaria expansión del comercio internacional. En los años ochenta, los problemas de inestabilidad macroeconómica, producto de la crisis de la deuda, se sumaron a los derivados de esta estrategia de desarrollo que habí…