Este trabajo examina la relación entre, por un lado, las brechas entre los salarios promedios entre los 29 sectores de actividad económica y, por otro lado, las diferencias en niveles de apertura en términos de flujos comerciales de cada sector para el caso de Chile. Este país se ha caracterizado en las últimas décadas por un proceso constante de apertura comercial y una mayor intensidad de flujos de comercio que han contribuido a cambios significativos en el mercado laboral. Tomando como puntos de referencia los años 2003 y 2008, el trabajo realiza un análisis de cluster agrupando los sectore…
In mid-2011, conditions deteriorated in the industrialized
economies. Early in the year, instability in North Africa
combined with other factors to push up fuel prices. Then,
in March, the tragedy of the earthquake, tsunami and
nuclear disaster in Japan damaged global production chains.
Although the impacts of these factors eased in the second
semester, concern mounted over the threat of default in
Greece, Ireland and Portugal and the repercussions of
such an event for larger European economies. In late July,
the difficulties in securing congressional approval on the
United States public debt …
A mediados de 2011, empeoran las condiciones de las economías industrializadas. A inicios de año, la inestabilidad en el norte de África, sumada a otros factores, provocó un aumento del precio de los combustibles. En marzo, la tragedia en el Japón -el terremoto, el tsunami y la catástrofe nuclear- afectó las cadenas de suministro global en la industria. Ya iniciado el segundo semestre, mientras se atenuaba el efecto de estos factores, se reavivaron las inquietudes por los temores de incumplimiento (default) en Grecia, Irlanda y Portugal y las repercusiones en otras economías europeas de mayo…
Este documento es una contribución de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) al análisis actualizado de las relaciones comerciales, de inversión y de cooperación entre la Unión Europea y América Latina y el Caribe, en preparación de la VII Cumbre Unión Europea-América Latina, que tendrá lugar en Santiago en 2012. Esta publicación se inserta en el programa de cooperación técnica de la CEPAL con la Agencia Española de Cooperación y Desarrollo (AECID), 2010-2012. Las economías latinoamericanas han demostrado gran resiliencia ante la profunda crisis económica y financiera m…
In the extensive literature on the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in developing countries, some studies have found (see Blalock and Gertler 2004, Todo and Miyamoto 2002) that the impact of inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows on growth was positive and significant. Apart from contributing to domestic investment and employment, FDI enhanced local technology capacity, assisted in promoting innovation through technology transfers and, generally, strengthened the competitive environment in a host country. While it is the case that FDI has been important to the development of many …
O objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar o impacto do investimento estrangeiro direto (IED) e das empresas estrangeiras (ETs) na economia brasileira. O foco de análise são os efeitos sobre renda, emprego, finanças públicas e contas externas. A principal fonte de dados é o conjunto dos três Censos realizados pelo Banco Central do Brasil (Bacen) - anos-base 1995, 2000 e 2005. …
Síntese A. Crise e convergência no cenário internacional B. As relações entre a América Latina e o Caribe e seus principais sócios extrarregionais C. Os desafios da América Latina e Caribe para melhorar sua inserção na economia mundial…
This paper analyses recent trends and future prospects in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), an incomplete customs union of 15 States in the Caribbean that includes most English speaking countries in the region plus Haiti and Suriname. In these small economies, the promotion of exports is of utmost importance, as in the medium term these are the only means to pay for the import of capital goods, intermediate inputs and technology necessary to build up their economic infrastructure. This study reviews first the progress made with reforms to complete the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) …
Given the risks the world economy is still facing and the ascendancy of Brazil and India as major growth poles of the global economy, government authorities in Latin America and the Caribbean should redouble their efforts to identify and capitalize upon the potential complementarities created by greater integration with the BRICs. In view of the inter-industrial nature of trade between India and Latin America including Brazil, the region should seek to create partnerships between its firms and successful Indian companies, in order to gain access to supply chains that produce more complex, tech…
The global economic crisis has put an end to a period of worldwide expansion and halted the integration of Latin America and developing Asia with the international economy. Current and expected economic weakness in the advanced economies has led us to look elsewhere for sources of growth. Emerging economies in Asia and Latin America have increased their contributions to world production, finance, and trade in the past decades. In doing so, the two regions have deepened their economic ties with significant implications for the recovery of their respective economies. In this paper we discuss the…
In 2009, the global economy experienced the fallout from the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Given the decline in output and in international trade in the world's largest economies, sharply lower foreign direct investment (FDI) flows were to be expected, as was the subsequent toll on the installation of new production capacity and on the technological modernization of existing plant and equipment. In evaluating the consequences of these processes on inward and outward investment in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, this report focuses on thre…
Documento informativo En 2009, la economía mundial sufrió las consecuencias de la mayor crisis económica desde la Gran Depresión de los años treinta. Ante la caída de la producción y el comercio internacional de las mayores economías del mundo, cabía esperar una intensa reducción de las corrientes de inversión extranjera directa (IED), con los consiguientes efectos negativos en la instalación de nueva capacidad productiva y la modernización tecnológica de activos existentes. A fin de evaluar las consecuencias de estos procesos en la dinámica de inversión hacia y desde los países de América Lat…
This publication is a contribution of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to the analysis of the implications for regional development represented by a growing relationship with China. In 2009, when the world faced its worst economic crisis in eight decades, China consolidated its position as a key player in the global economy. While the world as a whole and the industrialized countries experienced economic declines of 0.8% and 3.2% respectively, China managed to grow by 8.7%. This was possible thanks to a giant economic stimulus package, accompanied by a tr…
La presente publicación es un aporte de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) al análisis de las proyecciones que representa para el desarrollo regional el creciente vínculo con China. El año 2009, en que el mundo enfrentó su peor crisis económica en ocho décadas, presenció al mismo tiempo la consolidación de China como un actor central en la economía mundial. Mientras el mundo como un todo y los países industrializados experimentaban caídas en el producto de un 0,8% y un 3,2%, respectivamente, China logró crecer a un 8,7%. Esto fue posible merced a un gigantesco paque…
Policies towards the external sector have maintained their basic characteristics since the beginning of the present decade, although emphasis has been given to some specific aspects. Little doubt remains that the positive outcome - at least until recently – has been clearly a result of the country having profited from very favorable circumstances in the international scenario. This article discusses the main features of the external sector of the Brazilian economy, regarding trade flows, foreign investment, the internationalization of Brazilian entrepreneurial groups and the short-term financi…
A partir de la década de los noventa los países miembros del Plan Puebla-Panamá han promovido una estrategia de desarrollo basada en una creciente inserción internacional (PPP) a través del comercio internacional y de la atracción de inversión extranjera directa (IED). Dicha estrategia conllevó un proceso de apertura que generó que la mejora de la competitividad regional fuera un tema relevante para los países que forman parte del PPP. Actualmente los países se enfrentan con el reto de competir en mercados internacionales y diseñar políticas que ayuden a los productores nacionales a lo…
This document has the purpose of contributing to the analysis of trends and prospects of Latin America's insertion into the new global scenario, characterized by a growing integration of national economies – through trade, investment, finance, etc. – and the increasing internationalization of the so-called global value chains (GVCs).The opportunities and challenges presented by this GVC phenomenon are different and their effects not always homogeneous. In this paper, we study their impact on the developing economies, focusing particularly on Latin America. The insertion into the GVCs may …
International flows of capital in the form of foreign direct investment have become an important means of promoting economic development in many countries. The spread of globalization and the activity of transnational corporations have been driving forces behind these flows have already been adequately analyzed. An important new phenomenon of recent decades is the rapid increase in the outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) flows from developing countries. Much less attention has been paid to outward investment by developing countries, mainly because it was negligible until recently.OFDI fro…
La Oficina de CEPAL en Buenos Aires, a partir de la experiencia recogida en el desarrollo del conjunto de actividades que abarca la continuidad del programa permanente de análisis e investigación sobre la economía argentina, aproxima en los documentos compilados en esta publicación, una reflexión sobre lo sucedido y lo por venir, en algunas áreas y sectores -aquéllos sobre los que ha venido desarrollando estudios los últimos años.Por ende, se han realizado nueve documentos que analizan la realidad económico-social del país desde tres ejes. Un eje referencial, de marco general, que agrupa estud…
A subject relevant to the governance of water resources and public services is the effect that international trade and investment agreements may have on national capacities to manage natural resources and to regulate public services. As a consequence of globalization, many public services are provided and water rights held by companies within foreign investment protection systems or special conflict resolution regimes, which means that external jurisdictions can intervene in local matters. These agreements, which override national laws, restrict the power of governments to act in the public in…
United Nations