Rasgos generales de la evolución reciente En 2007 el producto interno bruto (PIB) real de Nicaragua se elevó 3,8%, tasa similar a la observada en el año previo (3,9%). El crecimiento fue impulsado por el dinamismo de las exportaciones, la inversión bruta interna y el consumo, mientras que la expansión de la demanda interna motivó un incremento significativo de las importaciones (14,2%). A su vez, la inflación presentó un repunte importante, que se refleja en el 16,9% resultante al final del año. El déficit fiscal del gobierno central (3,1% del PIB, antes de donaciones) continuó con un…
Rasgos generales de la evolución reciente En 2007 la economía de Panamá se expandió 11,2%, cuarto año consecutivo de crecimiento intenso en un marco de fortalecimiento fiscal y laboral. El sector público no financiero registró un superávit equivalente al 3,5% del producto interno bruto (PIB), y la tasa de desempleo abierto fue de 6,4% en agosto, en comparación con 8,7%, 12 meses antes. Este favorable desempeño macroeconómico anticipó el cumplimiento de varias de las metas centrales fijadas para 2009 por el programa de inicio de la presente administración: Visión Estratégica de Desarro…
Since monetary stabilization in 1994, bank consolidation has beengathering pace in Brazil as part of a global concentration trend followingbank deregulation processes. This article analyses the effect of bankconcentration on lending in Brazil in the period 1995-2004, distinguishingtwo stages and estimating panel data for Brazil's 27 federative units. Theresults support the hypothesis that the process of consolidation in theBrazilian banking sector has an adverse effect on lending, which mainlyharms the less developed regions of the country.…
A partir de la estabilización monetaria de 1994, se aceleró laconsolidación bancaria en Brasil, siguiendo una tendencia mundial a laconcentración a partir de un proceso de desregulación de la banca. Elpresente trabajo analiza el efecto de la concentración bancaria en laconcesión de crédito en Brasil en el período 1995-2004, distinguiendoen él dos etapas. Para llevar a cabo el análisis se realizó una estimacióncon datos en panel, utilizando información referente a las 27 unidadesfederales de Brasil. Los resultados corroboran la hipótesis de que elproceso de consolidación del sector bancario bra…
Este trabajo analiza el problema de crecimiento económico lentode México. Descompone el aumento del producto por el lado de lademanda e ilustra la incidencia fundamental de la atonía de la inversión.Sostiene, con respaldo econométrico, que esa atonía se explica en partepor la apreciación real del peso durante la desinflación y su efectoadverso en la rentabilidad de la inversión. Por último, muestra que elproblema se ha complicado por una merma a largo plazo de la razónPIB/capital.…
This essay argues that while the complete lack of liquiditycharacterizing the most severe phase of the financial crisis unleashedin September 2008 is now a thing of the past, lending and productionactivity in the industrialized countries are both contracting rapidly andthe financial system is still undercapitalized. Of all the external channelsthrough which the crisis has been transmitted to Latin America, the dropin remittances is the least important. The most widespread negative effectswill come from the decline in the volume of international trade and thesharp deterioration in the terms of …
Few developing countries have succeeded in consistently closing theincome gap with the world's richest nations without proactive governmentaction in pursuit of economic transformation and a dynamic role in theglobal economy. Two factors are crucial here: the development andimplementation of a medium- and long-term strategy to achieve rapideconomic transformation, and the support provided to this strategy by apublic-private alliance forged by means of a social process suited to localconditions. This article analyses the way alliances of this kind operate in10 countries outside the region d…
This paper develops and tests a model of growth that emphasizesthe introduction of new exports as the main source of growth in countriesthat are well within the global technology frontier and depend for growthon adapting existing products to their economic environment. It seeks tocapture the stylized facts behind growth in countries as different as theRepublic of Korea, Taiwan Province of China, Mauritius, Finland, Chinaand Chile, all of which have relied on export diversification. The wideningof comparative advantage is thus seen as the main driver of economicgrowth. The export diversificatio…
This article reviews the formal institutional framework forimplementing rural development policies in Guatemala, which originatedin the State modernization process promoted through the Peace Accords.The main thesis is that rural development policies will be more efficientif they are based on the institutional framework that the Peace Accordsprovided, which distinguishes between three levels of government: central,deconcentrated and decentralized. While the two sub-national levelsexecute 43% of total public investment, central government needs to targetthe budget on poor zones, cut subsidies to…
Abstract This paper presents an overview of current developments in macroeconomic modelling for forecasting and policy analysis in Latin America, based on material presented at a REDIMA project meeting at the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile, in September 2007. Some particular issues that arise in modeling emerging economies are described, in the context of recent developments in modeling developed economies.…
General trends of the recent evolutionEconomic activity in the Central American Isthmus 1 and the Dominican Republic in 2007 expanded 7.1%, four tenths less than in 2006. Thus, the economic growth of the subregion 2 was one and a half percentage points greater than the registered average of Latin America and the Caribbean. In terms of GDP per capita, growth was 5%. This performance represents a continuation of the expansionary phase of the economic cycle that began in 2004, characterized by an improvement in the majority of the economic and social indicators and linked to the positive evolutio…