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Tax expenditures for environmental sustainability: international experiences in their identification and evaluation to enhance their governance
This report analyses tax expenditures aimed at promoting environmentally sustainable production activities and processes. Drawing on a global-scope database and a set of specific international experiences, it explores how these instruments are currently being used and evaluated. To this end, it presents a methodology for identifying and classifying the environmental tax expenditures applied in different parts of the world. It also provides an in-depth analysis of four country cases (Germany, Indonesia, Ireland and South Africa), with an emphasis on how they are evaluated. The document also add…
Report on the activities of the Commission, 2024
ECLAC is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. Established in February 1948 and headquartered in Santiago, the Commission’s main mandate is to contribute to the sustainable development of Latin America and the Caribbean. In June 1951, the Commission established the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico City, which serves the needs of the Central American countries, as well as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico, and in December 1966, the ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port of Spain, to serve the Caribbean subregion. In addit…
Report on the activities of the Commission, 2024
ECLAC is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. Established in February 1948 and headquartered in Santiago, the Commission’s main mandate is to contribute to the sustainable development of Latin America and the Caribbean. In June 1951, the Commission established the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico City, which serves the needs of the Central American countries, as well as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico, and in December 1966, the ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port of Spain, to serve the Caribbean subregion. In addit…
United States economic outlook: evolving trends in the ownership of United States federal debt
This special issue of the United States economic outlook examines the trends in the ownership composition of United States federal debt holders, focusing on the balance between domestic and foreign investors and its implications for fiscal policy, financial stability and Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides updated data through mid-2025 on the structure of Treasury holdings, highlighting both the region’s participation as holders of United States debt and the strategies adopted by Latin American and Caribbean countries. The publication builds on two earlier reports by the ECLAC office …
United States economic outlook: 2024 year-in-review and first half of 2025
In 2024, the United States economy expanded 2.8%, led by consumer spending. Job creation slowed and the unemployment rate edged up to 4.1% in December. Inflation eased to 2.4% in September but closed the year at 2.9%, with the core consumer price index (CPI) at 3.2%. The Federal Reserve cut rates in September, November and December, lowering the federal funds target range to 4.25%–4.50%, while trade and fiscal deficits widened. In the first half of 2025, GDP growth averaged 1.4%, with a contraction of 0.3% in the first quarter and an uptick of 3.3% in the second. From January to July, the eco…
Enhancing data for development: policy imperatives for tracking the implementation of the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States in the Caribbean. Policy Brief
For small island developing States (SIDS), sustainable development is a delicate balance of pursuing economic growth, social development and environmental stewardship in the context of economic volatility, social challenges, climate change threats and global uncertainties while striving to build resilience. Recognized as a special case for development since the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, SIDS remain highly vulnerable to external shocks due to their small economies, limited connectivity and reliance on external markets. Over the years, global frameworks such …
Actes du séminaire international Insécurité en Haïti et construction de nouveaux paradigmes
El Colegio de México et la Commission économique pour l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes (CEPALC) ont organisé le Séminaire international Insécurité en Haïti et construction de nouveaux paradigmes à Mexico les 22 et 23 octobre 2024, dans le but d’approfondir les défis critiques auxquels est confrontée la nation caribéenne. Ce document résume les contributions des vingt-six spécialistes qui ont participé au séminaire, couvrant des sujets tels que l’analyse des racines historiques, socioéconomiques, géopolitiques et culturelles qui favorisent l’insécurité en Haïti. Le séminaire a suscité des réf…
Strengthening the artificial intelligence readiness of the Caribbean. Policy Brief
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, when applied well, could help in addressing key global challenges and advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, these potential benefits will not materialize automatically. The use of AI also carries significant risks, such as disruption to job markets and economies, loss of cultural diversity, new AI-enabled digital weapons that increase misinformation and surveillance, and threats to human rights and democracy. While AI systems could support the achievement of many of the SDGs , they could also impede the achievement of others and increa…
Recent experiences in implementing integrated national financing frameworks for Latin American and Caribbean countries
This document analyses the contributions made in the region by integrated national financing frameworks (INFFs). It highlights their potential to make it easier to finance the SDGs and other national priorities, expediting resource mobilization and the alignment of public policies. Examples in the region include Colombia, where budget tagging was implemented and tools were created to engage the private sector; Costa Rica, where support was provided to develop a framework for issuing sovereign sustainable bonds; and the Dominican Republic, where efforts have been made to identify financial gaps…
Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean, 2025: resource mobilization to finance development. Executive summary
The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean must urgently step up resource mobilization for development to avoid a third lost decade, amid a challenging and grim global landscape. This edition of the Economic Survey for Latin America and the Caribbean summarizes the key messages presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) —along with the countries of the region— at the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development, held in Seville, Spain, in 2025. This Economic Survey analyses three key dimensions of resource mobilization: fiscal and str…
Global overview of experiences in fintech development and administration: interim report on trends in fintech sector development in OECD countries and SIDS
This interim report explores the transformative impact of fintech on global financial markets. It delves into the evolution of fintech from its early stages to the present day, highlighting key innovations such as digital banking, cryptocurrencies and artificial intelligence-driven financial services. The report provides an in-depth analysis of international best practices, regulatory frameworks and the role of government and private sector partnerships in fostering a thriving fintech ecosystem. In particular, the report underscores the importance of regulatory frameworks addressing foreign ex…
Global overview of experiences in fintech development and administration: interim report on the fintech regulatory environment in Aruba
This interim report assesses Aruba's potential to leverage fintech, distributed ledger technology and artificial intelligence, by examining the current state of digital regulation on the island. It provides an in-depth overview of the fintech regulatory environment in Aruba, assessing key legislative and institutional frameworks that support digital financial services. In particular, it reviews the regulatory frameworks related to telecommunications, banking, finance and competition management, highlighting the impact of these regulations on business sentiment and investment appetite. The…
Recommendations for fintech sector development and leveraging of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology in Aruba
This report presents strategic recommendations for the development of Aruba's fintech sector with a focus on leveraging artificial intelligence and distributed ledger technologies. It evaluates Aruba's readiness in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector and the financial sector, comparing key indicators against counterparts in the region, including Curaçao, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The report highlights strenaths, such as stable democratic traditions, high education levels and a robust banking sector, and weaknesses, such as…
Global overview of experiences in fintech development and administration: interim report on stakeholder perspectives regarding fintech and blockchain opportunities and risks in Aruba
This interim report provides a comprehensive overview of stakeholder perspectives on the opportunities and risks associated with the development and administration of fintech, distributed ledger technology and artificial intelligence in Aruba. The Government of Aruba aims to diversify its economy away from its reliance on tourism by developing its information and communications technology (ICT) sector. The report is based on consultations with stakeholders from the public and private sectors, civil society and academia, conducted during an on-site mission in February 2025. Key findings highlig…
The Hummingbird Vol. 12 No. 7
Climate change and monetary policy in Latin America and the Caribbean
Climate change poses significant challenges to economic stability, particularly in vulnerable regions such as Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This paper examines the macroeconomic and monetary policy implications of climate risks in the region, focusing on both physical and transition risks. Physical risks, including extreme weather events and long-term climate shifts, disrupt productivity, infrastructure, and supply chains, intensifying inflationary pressures and hindering economic growth. Transition risks, driven by the shift to a low-carbon economy, impact key industries and labor ma…
Work-life balance in the United States: women in the workforce and the policy challenges of a growing care economy
This paper explores the multifaceted challenges of achieving work-life balance in the United States as the country navigates the policy challenges of a growing care economy, particularly focusing on the persistent gender disparities, economic policies, and societal expectations that shape this issue. Women's participation in the labour force has been a major driver of economic growth, yet the absence of supportive policies like paid parental leave and affordable childcare hinders their full engagement and limits national economic potential. The United Sates continues to lag other develope…