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Individual earnings differentials by education level in Brazil: the greater inequality of the informal sector
In Brazil, workforce composition by age-education groups and distribution between the formal and informal sectors changed from 1980 to 2010. We estimate whether these area-level compositions reduced earnings of the least-educated individuals further. Our main hypothesis is that earnings are lower for residents of areas with higher proportions of less-educated and informal sector workers. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions performed on census data are used to estimate variations in male urban workers’ individual earnings, including several individual- and area-level independent variables.…
Report on the activities of the Commission, 2024
ECLAC is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. Established in February 1948 and headquartered in Santiago, the Commission’s main mandate is to contribute to the sustainable development of Latin America and the Caribbean. In June 1951, the Commission established the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico City, which serves the needs of the Central American countries, as well as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico, and in December 1966, the ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port of Spain, to serve the Caribbean subregion. In addit…
Report on the activities of the Commission, 2024
ECLAC is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. Established in February 1948 and headquartered in Santiago, the Commission’s main mandate is to contribute to the sustainable development of Latin America and the Caribbean. In June 1951, the Commission established the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico City, which serves the needs of the Central American countries, as well as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Mexico, and in December 1966, the ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port of Spain, to serve the Caribbean subregion. In addit…
Demographic Observatory, 2025. Low fertility in Latin America and the Caribbean: emerging trends and dynamics
This 2025 edition of the Demographic Observatory offers an in-depth and updated exploration of historical and recent fertility trends in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a special focus on low fertility. Since 2015, the total fertility rate has remained below the replacement level, currently standing at 1.8 children per woman in Latin America and just 1.5 in the Caribbean. Drawing on various demographic sources and backed by the most recent scientific literature, this publication aims to provide information on current fertility levels in the countries and territories of the region, the sp…
Persons with Disabilities: From Statistical Visibility to the Exercise of Rights. Accessible version
In the past four decades, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has fundamentally changed the way disability is understood. Traditional conceptions focused on individual deficiency have been replaced by a social and rights-based approach that holds the State and society responsible for eliminating the structural barriers —physical, social and cultural— that limit the participation of persons with disabilities in community life. A central aspect of this process is the availability of robust and comparable statistical information, which increases the visibility of persons wit…
Economic impacts of population ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean: challenges and opportunities
This document analyses the economic implications of rapid population ageing in Latin America and the Caribbean, highlighting both the challenges it poses for economic growth, the labour market, and the sustainability of social policies, as well as the opportunities it presents to boost various economic sectors in the region. Based on demographic and economic data, the ongoing structural transformation is examined, with particular emphasis on the increase in the population aged 65 and over. The study reviews the conceptual approaches that enable an understanding of the various dimensions of age…
Persons with Disabilities: From Statistical Visibility to the Exercise of Rights
In the past four decades, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has fundamentally changed the way disability is understood. Traditional conceptions focused on individual deficiency have been replaced by a social and rights-based approach that holds the State and society responsible for eliminating the structural barriers —physical, social and cultural— that limit the participation of persons with disabilities in community life. A central aspect of this process is the availability of robust and comparable statistical information, which increases the visibility of persons wit…
The Hummingbird Vol. 12 No. 7
Time use and the academic performance gender gap among middle school and high school students: evidence from Brazil
This article analyses the influence of time use in various extracurricular activities, such as household chores, paid work, leisure activities and private study, on the gender gap in literacy and mathematics among middle school and high school students in Brazil in 2021, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used, enabling results to be broken down to evaluate how structural factors —in particular time use across these activities— affect student performance in Brazil. Our results indicate that unobserved effort in the activity influences performa…
Examining educational inequality across the economic life cycle in Brazil on the basis of 2018 national transfer accounts
This study examines educational inequality throughout the economic life cycle in Brazil on the basis of age-disaggregated data from 2018 national transfer accounts and household heads’ education levels. The analysis confirms patterns observed two decades ago, revealing marked disparities in the life cycle deficit —the gap between labour income and consumption— across education groups. Young people in less educated households rely heavily on public transfers to meet their consumption needs. Meanwhile, older persons across all education groups depend heavily on public transfers. With declining c…
People of African descent in Latin America and the Caribbean: An exploration of social and territorial realities in the rural world
The content of this document provides an analytical framework on the socioeconomic, political, legal situation of hundreds of Afro-descendant populations in rural areas in Latin America and the Caribbean, focused on the analysis of three key areas: territories, natural resources, and productivity. Contemporary demographic studies generally describe Afro-descendants as an urban phenomenon, a product of the rural-urban migrations that took place from the second half of the 19th century onwards, when the abolition of slavery began. However, there is a lack of discourse on Afro-descendant life in…
Demographic Observatory of Latin America and the Caribbean 2024. Population Prospects and Rapid Demographic Changes in the First Quarter of the Twenty-first Century in Latin America and the Caribbean
This 2024 edition of the Demographic Observatory presents the main demographic indicators for Latin America and the Caribbean according to the 2024 revision of population estimates and projections of the United Nations, comparing them with the 2000 revision to highlight the main demographic changes in the region since the turn of the twenty-first century. Analysis of the two revisions shows that birth and death rates declined more rapidly than anticipated in 2000, except during the pandemic, when the death rate climbed sharply, and that net migration was lower than expected. The change in the …
The Hummingbird Vol. 11 No. 12
Inclusive Migration Governance in the Americas and Caribbean: A Primer for Parliamentarians
Throughout history, migration has been a fundamental part of human development, presenting with it many opportunities and challenges for both individuals and States. Over the last 50 years, the share of migrants among the world population has remained relatively stable, rising from 2.3 percent in 1970 to 3.6 percent in 2020. As the global population has increased, the number of migrants has also grown significantly – from 84 million in 1970 to 281 million in 2020 – along with unequal distribution across regions. Coupled with increasingly complex drivers of migration, such as climate change, th…
Sociodemographic inequality gaps in the Amazon region: support for the preparation and implementation of the Amazonian Strategic Cooperation
In the context of this study, the Amazon region is not just a diverse combination of biomes that is of great structural importance given its contribution to the environment and climate; it is also home to more than 50 million people. To enable better understand the living conditions and various needs and vulnerabilities of Amazonian peoples, this document analyses sociodemographic inequality gaps among the population living in the territories of the Amazon region. An analysis of sociodemographic indicators taken from population censuses and household surveys of member countries of the Amazon …
Report on the activities of the Commission, 2023
In 2023, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) celebrated its seventy-fifth anniversary. Since its establishment in 1948, ECLAC has been a leader in generating applied knowledge and research from the perspective of the region. The Commission’s commitment has remained strong throughout these past decades, contributing to the design and implementation of public policies taking into consideration the needs and demands of member States. This report on the activities undertaken by ECLAC in 2023 highlights the Commission’s key achievements and contributions and is hereb…
Medium-term changes in the patterns of internal population movements in Latin American countries: effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted population movement around the world. Existing work has focused on countries of the Global North and restricted to the immediate effects of COVID-19 during 2020. Data have represented a major limitation to monitor changes in mobility patterns in Latin American countries. Drawing on aggregate anonymised mobile phone location data from Meta‐Facebook users, we aim to analyse the extent and persistence of changes in the levels (or intensity) and spatial patterns of internal population movement across the rural-urban continuum in Argentina, Chile and Mexico over a…