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Industrial policy trends in Germany

30 Oct 2024 | Publication

Industrial policy is firmly back on the international agenda and it comes in new forms. The general attitude of governments around the world has gone through phases: from outright rejection in some countries during the neoliberal phase to light-handed interventions in the early 2000s, and, increasingly, to deeper interventions over the last 10 to 15 years. Two trends are driving industrial policymaking of late, especially in the United States, China and Europe: decarbonization, which requires deep, government-led restructuring of various industries; and increasing geopolitical rivalry and supp…

Industrial strategies for tackling the challenges of the twenty-first century: trends in objectives, rationales and design in policy and academia

10 Sep 2024 | Publication

This report documents global shifts in of industrial policy objectives and the rationales behind public intervention to address them. Drawing from a selected sample of policy documents from international organizations and countries with literature on innovation and technical change, this report presents a classification of objectives and rationales. This classification is used to code systematically the academic literature on industrial policy to analyse changes in objectives and rationales in publications on countries of different income groups. The findings show increased attention to social…

Report of the Third Regional Seminar on Social Development. Promoting labour inclusion as a way to overcome inequalities and informality in Latin America and the Caribbean

2 Aug 2024 | Publication

This document is the report of the Third Regional Seminar on Social Development “Promoting labour inclusion as a way to overcome inequalities and informality in Latin America and the Caribbean”. This seminar was organized by the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) in collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and in partnership with the Government of Norway, the Ford Foundation and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and was held from 27 to 29 June 2023. In its third edition, the Regio…

Non-contributory pension systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: towards solidarity with sustainability

2 Aug 2024 | Publication

The expansion of non-contributory pension systems in the region has been one of the major milestones in the development of social protection architecture in a context of high levels of informal labour, rapid population ageing, and significant gaps and inequalities, including gender inequalities. Non-contributory pension systems have expanded substantially in the twenty-first century, approaching a coverage rate of 3 in 10 persons aged 65 years and over in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2022. Establishing non-contributory pension systems and strengthening those that already exist in the cou…

Industrial policies for the twenty-first century: lessons from the United States

29 Apr 2024 | Publication

Amid the backdrop of advanced technology competition from China, climate change and a global pandemic, the United States —traditionally averse to industrial policy— embraced major industrial policy programmes between 2020 and 2022. These programmes focused on fostering technology innovation and are prime examples of industrial innovation policy. The scale of these initiatives and their focus on non-defence sectors are unprecedented. This study reviews six major examples of new United States industrial innovation policies involving federal government interventions in post-research phases of inn…

The future of social protection in the midst of a protracted social crisis in Latin America: advancing towards universal, comprehensive, sustainable and resilient systems

5 Mar 2024 | Publication

Social protection systems in Latin America and the Caribbean face multiple challenges to enhance their universality, comprehensiveness, sustainability and resilience. The region must tackle structural inequalities that are reflected in the coverage, sufficiency and financial sustainability of these systems. These issues are exacerbated by additional problems related to a highly complex context. A series of cascading crises, which includes the health, economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, has been compounded by a reconfigured social risk structure that conditions the future of s…

Evaluation of tax expenditures: conceptual frameworks and international experiences

6 Nov 2023 | Publication

Tax expenditures are deviations from the benchmark tax system which provides preferential tax treatment. Governments use them to pursue different policy goals, such as boosting innovation, creating employment or greening the economy. Their fiscal cost can be significant since the global average revenue forgone, estimated at around 4% of GDP and 25% of tax revenue, has remained stable over the last 30 years. Evaluating tax expenditures against their stated policy objectives and the potential side effects or externalities they might trigger is a crucial step for the rationalization of tax expend…

Report of the second regional seminar on social development. Social security (pensions and health) and the protracted crisis: an opportunity to combat inequality in the framework of a welfare state in Latin America and the Caribbean

16 Aug 2023 | Publication

This document is the report of the Second Regional Seminar on Social Development “Social security and protracted crisis: an opportunity to combat inequality in the framework of a welfare state in Latin America and the Caribbean”. This seminar was organised by the Social Development Division of ECLAC in collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and in partnership with the German Cooperation and the European Union’s Transitional Development Facility Project,1 and was held on 30 and 31 August and 1 September 2022. In its sec…

Transformational change in Latin America and the Caribbean: A mission-oriented approach

27 Jan 2023 | Publication

The current economic and social challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean have highlighted both the region’s structural problems and the urgent need to find new drivers of economic growth. The old approaches to economic development will not enable Latin America and the Caribbean to overcome the present-day economic, health and climate crises. Governments must set bold goals and work with willing private sector partners to promote a truly sustainable and inclusive economy. By advancing mission-oriented industrial policies, countries can stimulate cooperation, diversify production, increase …

Measurement of tax expenditures in Latin America

1 Dec 2022 | Publication

The tax system is one of the main instruments used by the State to finance the provision of public goods and services. In the tax system, there are preferential treatments that seek to promote economic activity or support certain sectors. The public revenues forgone by these preferential treatments are known as tax expenditures. The volume of tax expenditures in Latin America is considerable. On average, they were equivalent to 3.8% of GDP and accounted for 20.6% of tax revenues in 2020. Given the need to promote a transformative recovery and finance the implementation of the Sustainable Devel…

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