This paper sets out with three objectives. Firstly, it reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between the condition of being a landlocked developing country and the degree of economic development attained, measured by per capita income. Secondly, it contributes to the theoretical literature on the subject by suggesting a new possible reason why landlocked countries may have a low level of development: the greater relative uncertainty to which landlockedness gives rise may have a negative effect on investment incentives in the tradable sector of such countries. Thi…
Resumen Durante siglos quienes establecieron unilateralmente las condiciones de empleo de la mano de obra portuaria fueron los empresarios marítimos, pero en las últimas décadas en América Latina y el Caribe han sido los gobiernos, que son a la vez los empleadores, y los sindicatos. Los regímenes laborales vigentes atienden a la aspiración de los estibadores a un sustento adecuado, pero los aíslan de las señales del mercado y originan servicios monopolísticos de manipulación de la carga, con la consiguiente ineficiencia y sobredotación de personal. En una economía globalizada, es imperioso eli…
Governments of the ECLAC region have promulgated labour regimes which support port workers' desire for stable wages and job security, isolate them from market signals and create cargo-handling monopolies. The advent of a global economy, the introduction of export-led growth policies, the acquisition of advanced cargo-handling equipment and electronic information systems, and the participation of private interests in the offer of port services permit enterprises to compare, purchase and employ raw materials, labour and service inputs worldwide, and have transformed the traditional concept …