Resumen La seguridad económica de la población y su bienestar dependen en gran parte de la cobertura de los sistemas previsionales de pensiones y de salud, en especial para los hogares y familias de menores recursos. Diversos estudios sobre pobreza han permitido concluir que la baja cobertura de los sistemas de pensiones es una de las principales causas de los escasos ingresos en la edad de retiro de una importante proporción de la población pobre. En este contexto, la ampliación de la cobertura previsional se transforma en una importante herramienta de la política social para disminuir la pob…
The economic reforms applied in the region during the 1980s and 1990s created expectations, for which there was theoretical justification, of strong job creation and greater equity in the labour market. This article analyses developments in the quantity and characteristics of employment during the 1990s. It concludes that today's labour market problems are due to insufficient economic growth and to less intensive use of labour, resulting mainly from changes in tradable goods-producing activities. Modernization of production methods in companies and sectoral restructuring that increased th…
This article analyses the behaviour of the Colombian labour market and the changes it underwent during the 1990s. It begins by outlining the reforms carried out in that country and summarizing macroeconomic developments and changes in the production structure in the 1990s. Then it uses data available from household surveys to analyse the dynamic of the labour market by economic sector, educational level and occupational position. After briefly describing the latest advances in research into income distribution in Colombia, it then shows the results of simulation exercises carried out to determ…
From the early decades of the twentieth century onward, the level of equity achieved in Uruguay, and the sophistication of its social welfare institutions, set the country apart from the rest of Latin America. In the second half of the century, this heritage of democracy and equity survived the severe tests to which it was subjected without fracturing too badly. The strength of the country's sociocultural foundations was convincingly demonstrated after the restoration of democracy in 1985, when Uruguay succeeded in maintaining the position it had traditionally held as the regional leader …
Since 1988 the ejido sector in Mexico has been buffeted by a series of policy changes and exogenous shocks that have brought into question the agricultural viability of the sector as a whole. These changes -trade liberalization, privatization, falling subsidies, the abolition of price controls, macroeconomic shocks, devaluation and momentous changes in the legal framework governing land use in the ejido- have led to a radical reordering of the policy framework and incentive structure under which the farmers of these communal lands operate. The cumulative effect of these reforms has theoretical…
This paper will examine the effects of population ageing on the medium- and long-term evolution of pension systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is organized into six sections. After the introductory section, section II provides information on ageing and pension system trends in the Latin American countries, with some references to the international context. Section III gives indicators, data and methods of analysis, and examines the effects of ageing population structures and rising life expectancy on pension system variables: spending on pensions, the financial position, pension lia…
Most educational investment is based on untested or partially tested assumptions about the cost-effectiveness of a given course of action. Indeed, the only estimates that have been available have been for the average profitability of each type of education, even though these differ greatly from marginal profitability. This article sets out a new approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of educational investment. The authors canvassed the views of ten world-renowned educational researchers on the likely impact on students' learning achievements of a set of forty measures generally reg…
A great deal of effort has been put into education reform in Latin America since the early 1990s. Extending the coverage of educational opportunities and improving the quality of the education delivered in schools are crucial for the countries of the region, where education in State schools has often been of a low standard. It is not enough just to study macro education policies as they are formulated by governments and implemented by centralized ministries of education. What is promised or envisioned on paper is often quite different from what actually happens in school establishments. It is …
The Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean is prepared annually by the Economic Development Division in collaboration with the Statistics and Economic Projections Division, the ECLAC subregional headquarters in Mexico and Port of Spain and ECLAC national offices in Argentina and Brazil.…
El Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe es un documento preparado anualmente por la División de Desarrollo Económico con la colaboración de la División de Estadística y Proyecciones Económicas y las sedes subregionales de la CEPAL en México y Puerto España y sus oficinas nacionales en Argentina y Brasil.…
Editorial La cuarta generación de REDATAM apareció en el segundo semestre de 2001. Como en las generaciones anteriores, la última versión, Redatam+G4, tiene grandes adelantos y fue totalmente reescrita para incorporar nuevos avances en lenguajes de programación y Windows 95 y superior (32 bit). En el sitio Redatam Informa de CEPAL/CELADE está la fecha de aparición, su forma de cargar, etc. La versión actualizada de Redatam Informa Al Día ha reemplazado las versiones impresas de este informativo. Sin embargo, en procura de difundir Redatam+ G4, el CELADE publica esta versión, que también inform…
For over a quarter of a century, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has been in the vanguard of the search for greater physical integration among South American countries, especially in the area of transport, including road, rail, river and multimodal transport.Its activities in this field have ranged from drafting agreements to the design and introduction of concrete measures and have been carried out, either individually, at the request of the Governments of member States, or in collaboration with other organizations, such as the Institute for the Integration…
Durante más de un cuarto de siglo, la CEPAL ha estado a la vanguardia de la búsqueda de una mayor integración física entre los países sudamericanos, especialmente en el área del transporte, abarcando los sectores carretero, ferroviario, fluvial y multimodal.Las actividades comprendidas se extienden desde la redacción de acuerdos hasta el diseño e implantación de medidas concretas. Han sido desarrolladas, a veces, individualmente, a solicitud de los gobiernos de países miembros, y otras veces en colaboración con otros organismos, como el Instituto para la Integración de América Latina (INTAL), …
CONTENTS I.Northern Sinai Agricultural Development Programme (NSADP)II. Dams Could Delay European Union Entry for Poland III.The Prespa Basin: Transboundary cooperation to maintain and enhance wetland functions and valuesIV. World Bank Seminar on GroundwaterV. Arab-Israeli Water IssuesVI. Regional Cooperation on Flood Control in AsiaVII. Transboundary Issues: The case of the Ilisu dam project in TurkeyThestatements and opinions reported in this Newsletter do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or official positions of the United Nations, and are to be exclusively attributed to authors…
El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el efecto de la
globalización en el mercado del trabajo y en la estratificación
social. Hay consenso en que la globalización traerá consigo el
progreso para los pueblos y las naciones. Sin embargo, la experiencia
de casi 20 años suscita dudas crecientes acerca de
sus beneficios potenciales netos y, particularmente, de la distribución
de esos beneficios. Como es evidente, hay ganadores
y perdedores en ese proceso, tanto entre los países como entre
las personas. Este artículo se concentrará en los efectos sobre
las personas dentro de cada país y se referir…